AP HUG Unit 2 Vocab

Ecumene

Ecumene

The areas in which people permanently settle

Ex: Many people have settled in the East Coast and stay there

Physical factors for settlement

• Climate: Weathern pattern over time (People tend to lean towards warmer or moderate climates and away from colder ones and lower latitudes for rainfall)

• Landforms (Is the place accessible and good for making a home? People like areas with arable land or resources)

• Water bodies (Can people get water? They tend to live near lakes, rivers, etc.)

Human factors for settlement

• Culture (People tend to live near people with a shared culture)

• Economics (People need to get money and trade for goods)

• History (Is the place known for having wars, dangers, or conflicts with nearby people?)

• Political (Do people like their amount of freedom and type of government?)

Density vs. Distribution

Distribution: WHERE people are in an area (spatial)

Density: HOW MANY people are in an area (numerical)

Arithmetic population density

Population density calculated by dividing people per a certain unit of space

Ex: There are about 38 people/km in the US

Physiological population density

An arable land population density calculated by dividing people by the amount of arable land in an area

Ex: China has a physiological population density of aboute 1310 people/arable km²

Agricultural population density

A population density measuring farmers/ unit of land

Ex: Australia has over 325,000 people employed in agriculture and about 312,000 km² of arable land, so they have an agricultural population density of about 1 person per km² of arable land

Demographers

People who study population and the age, health, gender, ethnicity, and other factors possibly affecting how people are spread out

Carrying capacity

The amount of dependence an environment can withstand before being damaged (Depends on technology and size/type of environment)

Ex: The acre of land can only have a certain amount of wheat grown on it

Consequences of population distribution

Political: Can the government cover and adapt for a growing or shrinking population? How can they be represented in government? Can they provide basic necessities?

Economic: Are there enough jobs for more people? Can the economy support itself? Can people take up enough jobs? Are people able to get jobs near them?

Social: Are there enough medical people to support the population? Are there enough schools for kids? Do the elderly have enough support and nursing homes?

Age structure

The portion of the total population for a certain age group

Ex: The amount of people 85+ years old in the U.S. is about 1-2%

Population pyramid

A diagram used to represent population structure by cohorts and amounts of individuals per group (often has a male and female side with margins of 5 years in an age-sex composition graph)

Can also show wealth, political stance, etc.

Properties of a population pyramid

Wide base and narrow head: Rapid growth (Stage 2)

Narrow base but still bigger than the rest: Slow growth (Stage 3)

Wide middle: Growth is slowing (Stage 4)

Wide head: Population is declining (Stage 5)

Random big cohort: Population boom

Sex ratio

The ratio of males to females in a population (If <1 more females if >1 more males)

Ex: The U.S. has a sex ratio of 104:100 =1.04

Thomas Malthus

An enlightenment thinker who believed that population booms (mostly the one after the Scientific Revolution) would be unsustainable and they would outgrow the food supply

He was incorrect and we improved farming methods and technologies

DTM Stage 1

• Low growth

• Low LE

• High death/birth rates

• No migration

• Lots of disease

• Often young population

Ex: Rural Bangladesh, Amazon Rainforest

DTM Stage 2

• Increasing growth

• Increasing but still low LE

• High birth rate but lower death rate

• Out-migration

• Less disease

• IMR and ICR decrease

• Young population

Ex: Sri Lanka, Peru, Ethiopia

DTM Stage 3

• Out-migration

• Lots of people are born

• Lower birth and death rates

• Degenerative diseases

• Medium LE

Ex: India, China, Mexico

DTM Stage 4

• Slowing growth

• Decreasing birth rates but slightly lowered death rates

• Delayed degenerative diseases

• In-migration

• Balanced population

• Peak LE

Ex: USA, Canada

DTM Stage 5

• Population decline

• Birth rates fall below death rates and death rates increase

• Infectious and parasitic diseases

• Aging population

• Lowered LE

Ex: Japan, Germany

Crude birth rate(CBR)

Total # of live births in an area for every 1000 people alive

Crude death rate(CDR)

Total # of deaths per 1000 people in an area

Total fertility rate(TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have in her childbearing years

Where people live

• Midlatitudes

• Near fresh water

• Near resources

• Arable land

• Low altitudes

Agglomeration effects

Businesses/necessities that grow around a shared industry in the same area

Ex: glass beaker factory near an Amgen area of biotech labs

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

(Crude birth rate - crude death rate)/10

Demographic(population) change

Births - deaths + immigration - emigration

True fertility rate(TFR)

The number of births that live to childbearing age (technically adolescence) and heavily affected by IMR

Doubling time

The time it takes a population to double (Longer for more developed country)

Pro-natalist/expansive population policies

Policies encouraging women to have children

Ex: Kamala Harris’ $6000 tax credit

Anti-natalist/restrictive population policies

Policies discouraging or preventing women from having children for economic/political reasons

Ex: One-child policy in China

Eugenic population policies

Policies limiting or preventing people of a certain ethnic or cultural group from having children in an attempt to limit or eliminate their population (typically motivated by ignorance or prejudice)

Ex: Nazi Germany

War’s effects on births

• Causes a birth deficit (due men on the front line/ parents creating a better life for kids)

• Often followed by a baby boom (followed by a baby bust until echo)

• When boomers have children it causes an echo

Ex: Boomers in USA

Dependency ratio

Amount of people dependent on an area’s workforce (working age people)

(% under 15 + % over 64): % working age

Ex: (20%+20%):60% = 40:60

Epidemiological Transition Model

Corresponds with DTM

Stage 1: Pestilence(disease) and famine — high CDR, low LE

Stage 2: Receding Pandemics(like AIDS) — decreasing CDR, increasing LE

Stage 3: Degenerative and Human-Created Diseases(chronic) — stable CDR, increasing LE

Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases(really old people) — low CDR, peak LE

Stage 5: Reemerging of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (due to a use of antibiotics) — LE decreases

Migration

The permanent or semi-permanent relocation of people

Ex: I move from TO to NYC

Remittances

Money sent by migrant workers from one country to country of origin (usually to support family members)(also hurts the economy of the country money is sent out of)

Ex: Workers from Mexico go to the United States and send money back to their families in Mexico

Cyclic movement

Short periods away from home, nomadism, commuting (happens in most active people’s lives)

Ex: I go from home to TOHS, then other places

Periodic movement

Long periods away from home

Ex: Migrant workers, military, college

Transhumance

The movement of livestock in accordance to the seasons

Ex: Bird migration in spring

Migration types

International migration: Migration from one country to another

Ex: Movement from Spain to Portugal

Internal migration: Movement from one area of a country/area to another area in the same country/area

Ex: Movement from LA to Phoenix

Counter migration

The idea that as people move in, others tend to move out

Ex: People in Texas leaving because Californians are moving in

Forced migration

Involuntary migration due to political issues

Ex: Pilgrims moving out of England because they were religiously persecuted by the government

Voluntary migration

People choose to move for better opportunity, lifestyle, etc.

Ex: Mr. Daigneault moves to TO

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

• Every migrant flow generates a return or counter-migration

• The majority of migrants move a short distance

• When migrants do travel long distaces they usually move in steps

• Migrants who move long distances tend to choose big cities

• Urban residents are less migratory than people of rural areas

• Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

Gravity Model

Mathematical model of interaction between places

Formula: (Population of City 1 x Population of City 2)/Distance²

Push/pull factors

Factors that either draw people in to somewhere or make them want/need to leave

Push include: Natural disasters, war, economic, social, cultural, environmental or political issues

Pull include: Kinship links, chain migration, and social, cultural, political, or economic opportunity

Internally displaced people vs. refugees

Internally displaced: Had to move because of a push factor but still lives in same country

Refugees: Had to move because of a push factor but lives in different country

Kinship links

When migrants pull other family members into moving to the same place

Chain migration

When one person moves, then drawing another person, then another person, etc.

• Causes immigration waves and results in ethnic enclaves(like Koreatown)

Distance Decay Model

Model emphasizing that friction of distance reduces interaction between places as they get farther apart (relates to Gravity Model)

When women are educated

• They are able to better care for the children they have

• The have children later in life because they are continuing their education

• They often want to utilize their education so they have fewer children in order to work

Maternal mortality rate

Number of female deaths related to pregnancy per 100,000 live births

Intervening obstacle

A negative obstacle that stops migrants from reaching their intended destination

Ex: Migrants run out of money on their journey

Intervening opportunity

A positive pull factor that encourages migrants to go elsewhere from their intended destination

Ex: A migrant from Florida going to California finds that land is cheaper in Texas

ESPN

Stands for economic, social, political, and environmental and can be used to analyze factors and consequences at a higher level

Determinants of an aging population

• Crude birth rates

• Infant mortality rates

• Total fertility rates

• Crude death rates

All change life expectancy

Census designated place

Unincorporated areas not grouped in a county and possibly cities/town

Neo-Malthusian Theory

The modern theory that human population growth will eventually exceed the local environment’s ability to grow enough food to support them and that overpopulation needs to be addressed immediately

Ex: South Sudan has too large a population to support its own population

Types of checks on population

Preventive: Choices by humans to reduce population growth

Ex: Moral restraint, birth contol

Positive: Checks on population causes by the environment and nature

Ex: Disease, natural disasters, starvation