Ch. 8 Joints - Dr. Jones

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joints / articulations

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where bones meet and where they come together

-gives skeleton mobility and hold skeleton together

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fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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structural type of joints

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69 Terms

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joints / articulations

where bones meet and where they come together

-gives skeleton mobility and hold skeleton together

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fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

structural type of joints

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synarthroses

immovable joints

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amphiarthroses

slightly moveable joints

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diarthroses

freely moveable joints

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sutures

[fibrous joint]

rigid, interlocking joints of skull that allow growth during youth

-contain short connective tissue fibers that allow for expansion

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synostoses

[fibrous joint]

closed immovable sutures

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syndesmoses

[fibrous joint]

bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue

-short fibers offer little to no movement

-longer fibers offer a larger amount of movement

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syndesmoses

inferior tibiofibular joint

<p>inferior tibiofibular joint</p>
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fibrous joints

bones connected by dense fibrous connective tissue

-no joint cavity

-most immovable

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syndesmoses

interosseous membrane conneccting radius and ulna

<p>interosseous membrane conneccting radius and ulna</p>
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gomphoses

[fibrous joint]

peg-in-socket joints

-teeth in alveolar joints, holding tooth in socket

-fibrous connection is periodontal ligament

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cartilaginous joints

bones united by cartilage

-have no joint cavity

-not highly moveable

-2 types: synchondroses, sympheses

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synchondroses

[cartilaginous joint]

unite bones with a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage

-almost all synarthrotic (immovable)

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synchondroses

temporary epiphyseal plate joints

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synchondroses

cartilage of first rib with manubrium (top portion) of sternum

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symphyses

[cartilaginous joint]

unite bone with fibrocartilage

-strong, amhiarthrotic (slightly moveable) joints

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symphyses

pubic symphysis

<p>pubic symphysis</p>
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symphyses

intervertebral joints

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synovial joint

seperate bones with fluid-filled joint cavity

-all are diarthrotic (freely moveable)

-all limb joints

-have bursae and tendon sheaths

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articular cartilage

[synovial joint general feature]

-hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones

-prevent crushing of bone ends

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joint (synovial) cavity

[synovial joint general feature]

small, fluid-filled space unique to synovial joints

-minimize friction

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articular (joint) capsule

[synovial joint general feature]

-external fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue hold everything in position

-inner synovial membrane: loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid to lubricate joint

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synovial fluid

viscous slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid that lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage

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fatty pad

cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone

-found in synovial joint

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articular discs (menisci)

ensure tight fit between bone

-reduce wear and tear

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bursae

“pillow” of synovial fluid that act as lubrication

-reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

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tendon sheath

elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction

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shape of articular surfaces, ligament number and location, muscle tone

factors influencing stability f synovial joints

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gliding movements

one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface (slide alongside each other)

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angular movements

increase or decrease angle between two bones

-movement along sagittal plane

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flexion

decreases the angle of the joint

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extension

increases the angle of the joint

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hyperextension

movement beyond anatomical postion

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abduction

away from midline

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adduction

toward midline

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circumduction

involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction; moving in a cone in space

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rotation

turning of bone around its own long axis toward midline or away from it

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medial

rotation toward midline

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lateral

rotation away from midline

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supination

palms face anteriorly

-radius and ulna are PARALLEL

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pronation

palms face posteriorly

-radius ROTATES OVER rulna

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opposition

movement of thumb

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dorsiflexion

bending foot toward shin

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plantar flexion

pointing toes

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inversion

sole of foot faces medially

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eversion

sole of foot faces laterally

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elevation

lifting body part superiorly

-shrugging shoulders

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depression

lowering body part

-opening jaw

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protraction

mandible juts out

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retraction

mandible is pulled toward neck

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femoropatellar joint

-allows gliding motion along femur during knee flexion

<p>-allows gliding motion along femur during knee flexion</p>
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tibiofemoral joint

lateral and medial joint

<p>lateral and medial joint</p>
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hinge joint

allows flexion, extension, and some rotation when knee is partly flexed

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fibular/tibial collateral ligaments, oblique popliteal ligament, arcuate popliteal ligament

acts as straps for support (more mobility, need more stability)

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anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

-attaches to anterior tibia

-prevents forward sliding of tibia and stops hyperextension of knee

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posterior cruciate ligament

-attaches to posterior tibia

-prevents backward sliding of tibia and forward sliding of femur

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collateral ligaments, cruciate ligaments, cartilages (menisci)

common knee injuries (3 C’s)

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cartilage tears

tearing menisci, due to compression and shear stress

-repaired with arthroscopic surgery

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arthroscopic surgery

minimally invasive surgery; meniscectomy

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sprains

reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn, partial tears repair very slowly because of poor vascularization

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dislocations (luxations)

bones forced out of alignment

-accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficultly moving joint

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subluxation

partial dislocation of a joint

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bursitis

inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction

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tendonitis

inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse

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arthritis

inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints

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osteoarthritis

most common type of arthritis

-seen mostly in females due to hormones

-degenerative “wear and tear” arthritis

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rheumatoid arthritis

chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown cause (immune system attacks own cells)

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gouty arthritis

deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, more common in males

-typically affects joint at base of great toe (hallux)