History

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The movement to abolish slavery.

Abolition Movement

The plan to send slaves back to Africa. African Americans did not support this plan.

Colonization

An immediate end to slavery. William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass were proponents of this plan.

Immediate Abolition

A gradual end to slavery.

Gradual Abolition

Abolitionists questioned whether to allow women's participation in anti-slavery discussions. Many women sympathized with slaves because, like slaves, women didn't have many rights.

Women's Participation

A conductor on the Underground Railroad.

Harriet Tubman

A series of secret hiding places from the south to the north and into Canada.

Underground Railroad

Many women who worked for women's rights also participated in the anti-slavery movement. It paralleled the Abolition Movement.

Women's Movement

At Seneca Falls, NY, women met to draft a proclamation protesting a lack of legal and political rights for women.

Declaration of Sentiments

Major players in the early women's movement.

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

In 1845, John O'Sullivan came up with the belief that America has a God given mission to spread across the entire continental United States.

Manifest Destiny

Led the first group of settlers to Mexico (which is now modern day Texas). By 1835 30,000 Americans lived in Texas.

Steven Austin

Settlers declared independence from Mexico, causing a fight with Mexico. The settlers suffered a loss at this battle.

The Alamo

Mexican dictator who was captured by the settlers and agreed to independence. When he returned to Mexico City, he claimed Texas wasn't really independent.

Santa Anna

Applied to be a state in the US but the petition was rejected because it would be another slave state. Eventually annexed, causing more tension with Mexico.

Texas

Began because of increased tensions with Mexico. Many anti-slavery advocates believed the war was being fought to spread slavery. The US won the war, which reopened the issue of slavery and was a major cause of the Civil War.

Mexican War (1846-1848)

The Rio Grando was the US/Mexican border. The US would buy California and New Mexico.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildalgo

The US/Canada border set in the Oregon Territory, a boundary dispute that was peacefully settled between the US and Britain.

49th Parallel

More factories, more people, better resources, industrial.

Pre-Civil War North

More slaves, more plantations, agrarian.

Pre-Civil War South

This book increased tensions over slavery, which condemned the practice of slavery.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Concerned slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory. Both the North and the South wanted to preserve the balance of power.

Missouri Compromise

California would be a free state.

Compromise of 1850 pt. 1

New Mexico and Utah would choose for themselves about slavery.

Compromise of 1850 pt. 2

Sale of slaves was outlawed in DC

Compromise of 1850 pt. 3

Fugitive Slave Act - All citizens must assist in the capture and return of runaway slaves.

Compromise of 1850 pt. 4

Didn't solve any problems. Upset northerners because of participation in slavery (through the Fugitive Slave Act) and upset southerners because slavery would be restricted.

Consequences of the Compromise of 1850

Ignored the Missouri Compromise and said that citizens in Kansas and Nebraska could vote for or against slavery. Made conditions worse because of violence that spawned over slavery.
Ex. John Brown murdering pro-slavery citizens. The name Bleeding Kansas was established because of this violence.

Kansas Nebraska Act

Violence was spawned over slavery and anti-slave supporters, like John Brown, killed pro-slavery citizens.

Bleeding Kansas

A new political party formed after the Kansas-Nebraska Act around the idea that slavery should not expand outside the South.

Republicans

A young, new republican who became well known through a series of debates about popular sovereignty.

Abraham Lincoln

Debates about popular sovereignty that contributed to Abraham Lincoln's fame.

Lincoln Douglas Debates

Supreme Court Case that mounted tensions because a slave was taken to an anti-slavery state. He sued for his freedom and the Court said that slaves are property and have no rights as citizens. Said slavery couldn't be banned anywhere.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

The immediate cause of the Civil War. This was the first time in our nation's history that a large group of people refused to accept the outcome of an election.

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln won the election because he had the majority of the electoral vote even though none of the South voted for him. Stated that preserving the Union was his main goal.

16th President of the US

An outcome of the election. The first state to leave the Union to form the Confederate States of America with other lower southern states. Jefferson Davis was their president.

South Carolina's Secession

A federal fort in which the Confederate States would not allow to be re-supplied by the Union. The first shots of war were fired here. After this, four other states joined the Confederacy.

Ft. Sumter, SC

The only slave owning states remaining in the Union. Kentucky, West Virginia (which formed when Virginia seceded), Maryland, and Delaware. The Union needed these states as a buffer against the south.

Border States

The first major battle of the Civil War.

Battle of Manassas/Battle of Bull Run

The strategy of the North which was to cut the Confederacy in two by taking the Mississippi River and squeeze it.

Anaconda Plan

Significant because this battle of the Civil War signaled that the North had cut the Confederacy in half.

Battle of Vicksburg

The General for the South. He surrendered to the Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia.

Robert E. Lee

Freed slaves in the rebelling territories, issued by President Lincoln. Did not do much practically but changed the sentiments and ideas as to why the North was fighting.

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed the slaves.

Thirteenth Amendment

Slaves are citizens.

Fourteenth Amendment

Former slaves can vote.

Fifteenth Amendment

The name for the period right after the Civil War. When the North and South reunified and the South rebuilt their cities.

Reconstruction

Make it easy for Southern states to return to the Union. Did not happen because of Lincoln's assassination.

Lincoln's Plan for bringing the South back into the Union

Similar to Lincoln's. Andrew Johnson was Lincoln's VP.

Johnson's Plan for bringing the South back into the Union

Radical Republican Plan. The plan for anti-South republicans in Congress. It made it very difficult for Southern States to rejoin the Union. It also implemented military reconstruction where the South was divided into military districts to be overseen by the federal government.

Wade-Davis Bill

An organization that provided education, temporary shelter and food to recently freed slaves.

Freedman's Bureau

White northerners who came south to work in organizations like the Freedman's Bureau.

Carpetbaggers

A compromise, created to elect the President, that removed much of the military governors from the South. In addition, many Northerners simply lost interest in Reconstruction at that point and were focused on the economy.

Compromise of 1877

Cheap land, new opportunity, gold.

Reasons to Move West

Specific land sectioned off for Native Americans to ensure they stay out of the way of American settlers.

Reservations

Making Native Americans like white Americans. Forced Native Americans to farm, forced their children to go to boarding schools, etc.

Assimilation

Broke up Tribal lands.

Dawes Severality Act pt. 1

Broke up Indian organizations.

Dawes Severality Act pt. 2

Sold the best land from the reservations to the whites.

Dawes Severality Act pt. 3

Gave cheap or free land on the Great Plains to anyone who would improve it in five years. This helped settle the Great Plains.

Homestead Act

The period when America grew as a world and industrial power.

Gilded Age

New process for turning iron into steel.

Bessemer Process

New invention by Thomas Edison that fueled the growth during the Gilded Age.

Light Bulb

New invention by Alexander Graham Bell that fueled the growth of the Gilded Age.

Telephone

New invention by Christopher Sholes that fueled growth of the Gilded Age.

Typewriter

Elias Howe's invention that fueled the growth of the Gilded Age.

Electric Sewing Machine

Industry controlling monopolies.

Big Business

Companies that control an entire industry.

Monopolies

Head of the company Standard Oil, monopolized the industry.

John D. Rockefeller

Head of the company US Steel, monopolized the industry through use of vertical integration.

Andrew Carnegie

Head of the company JP Morgan Chase, monopolized the banking industry.

JP Morgan

In context of economics, let it be. Government lets businesses do as they like.\`

Laissez-Faire

The rich deserve their riches because they are stronger and the weak deserve to be poor because they have poor traits.

Social Darwinism

Writer who justified Rockefeller's, Carnegie's, and Morgan's wealth through his rags to riches stories.

Horatio Alger

A peak time of immigration for the 19th century. Immigrants from Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and China came.

Immigration in the 1890's

Treated harshly. Discriminated against. They were inspected at Angel Island.

Chinese Immigrants

Where immigrants from Europe were inspected.

Ellis Island

A settlement house where immigrants and the poor could get job training and education.

Jane Addams' Hull House

Corrupt political parties who provided services to immigrants in exchange for votes.

Political Machines

Tried to solve problems associated with industrialization.

Progressive Movement

1. Promoting moral reform: Getting rid of alcohol, etc.
2. Creating economic and political reform: Secret ballot, direct election of senators, etc.
3. Fostering efficiency: the assembly line system.
4. Breaking up monopolies: Trust-busting.

Focus of Progressive Reforms

A group of journalists who tried to expose corruption and scandal in business and government.

Muckrakers

Example of a muckraker.

Lincoln Steffans

Example of a muckraker.

Ida Tarbell

Example of a muckraker. Wrote the picture book that showcased the poor lives of under classes. "How the Other Half Lives"

Jacob Riis

Example of a muckraker. Wrote the book, The Jungle, which was the immediate cause of the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act being passed.

Upton Sinclair

Teddy Roosevelt (Square Deal) William Taft, Woodrow Wilson (New Freedom).

Progressive Presidents

Promoted workers' rights and became more powerful during the Gilded Age.

Labor Unions

A movement that advocated for the rights of farmers. William Jennings Bryan was the leader of this movement.

Populist Movement

Leader of the Populist Movement. Not successful in his campaign for president because he lacked a broad base of support for his movement. Populists wanted things like free silver. They did not like banks or railroads because they believed these industries exploited farmers.

William Jennings Bryan

Essentially replaced slavery in the South.

Jim Crow Laws

The Supreme Court supported Jim Crow Laws by saying you could have separate facilities for blacks and whites as long as they were equal. "Separate but equal."

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Believed that African Americans would achieve equality by improving their economic opportunities. He focused on training African Americans in trade and mechanical skills, and domestic work.

Booker T. Washington

Believed that whites must accept the talented tenth, or the talented ten percent of African Americans immediately.

W.E.B. DuBois

Led by DuBois, eventually paved way for the NAACP.

Niagara Movement

An organization that would use legal means to challenge segregation.

NAACP