physiology quiz 5

GnRH

protein/peptide released by the hypothalamus

promotes release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) from anterior pituitary in males and females

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

GnRH

FSH

protein/peptide released by the anterior pituitary

stimulates sperm production in male testes and egg plus E2 in female ovaries

Follicle stimulating hormone

FSH

LH

protein/peptide released by the anterior pituitary

stimulates testosterone production in male testes and P4 production in ovaries

Luteinizing hormone

LH

T/DHT

steroid released by the male gonad (testes)

(androgen); promotes sperm production in seminiferous tubules

hair, muscle, bone growth. increase in sex drive

increases acne plus hirsutism in females

DHT

promotes prostate gland growth

Testosterone

T

Dihydrotestosterone

DHT

INHB

protein/peptide released by the male gonad (testes)

negative feedback to decrease/regulate sperm production (a future male contraceptive?)

Inhibin

INHB

E1

steroid released by the adrenal cortex

increases in menopause → less activity than E2

gonado corticoid

Estone

E1

E2

steroid released by the female gonad (ovary)

positive feedback in follicular phase (d1 to 14) to peak at ovulation; negative feedback in Luteal phase (d15 - 28)

low secretion during menses

more common estrogen during fertile years → synergizes with 5-HT during pregnancy

Estradiol

E2

E3

steroid released by placenta

lowest activity estrogen; used in menopause HRT (hormone replacement therapy)

Estriol

E3

P/P4

steroid released by the ovary and placenta

“hormone of gestation (pregnancy)”

promotes monthly uterine development

negative feedback in luteal phase and in gestation; part of LARC (along with injections, implant, IUD)

progesterone

P/P4

PRH

protein/peptide released by the hypothalamus

promotes release of PRL

Prolactin Releasing Hormone

PRH

DA

(aka, PIH)

catecholamine released by the hypothalamus (and GI tract)

reward/addiction, plus blocks PRL until parturition (birth)

Protein inhibitory hormone

DA (aka , PIH)

PRL

protein/peptide released by the anterior pituitary

promotes milk productin in mammary glands during lactation

Prolactin

PRL

OT/OXT

protein/peptide released by posterior pituitary

promotes muscle contraction during birth and milk let down (orgasms)

“cuddle” hormone = love/bonding

oxytocin

OT/OXT

PG

lipid/NT released by local tissues in reproductive tract

promotes muscle contraction during birth and menses (released by damaged tissue)

causes pain (binds to nociceptors) and possibly dysmenorrhea (difficult menses) or PMS

prostaglandin

PG

hCG

peptide/protein released by the placenta

helps to maintain early pregnancy (and causes nausea/emesis) - used in pregnancy tests

human chorionic gonadotropin

hCG

hPL/hcs

protein/peptide released by the placenta

shifts glucose to the fetus from the mom (may contribute to gestational diabetes)

human placental lactogen

(aka, human chorionic somatomammatropin)

hPL/hcs

parasympathetic nervous system

nervous system that causes erection

sympathetic nervous system

nervous system that causes ejaculation

.

the ANS works together in reproduction

NO (nitric oxide)

gas that causes vasodilation to enable erection

does this by blocking PDES enzyme to store the Ca (ion of contraction) into the SR which will continue smooth muscle relaxation

DA

neurotransmitter that is released to reward mating and feeding (do it again!)

puberty

when does fertility (and spermatogenesis) being?

continuously

How is sperm made (pattern)?

.

males have breasts, penis (clitoris), gonads, GnRH, FSH, LH, T, E2, Gametes