ANTH 101 Final Exam species

peyton rosa

Homo erectus

-1.8 mya-750kya

-cranial capacity of 800-1000

-out of Africa version of H. Erectus

morphology:

-thick brow ridge

-orthognathic

-small teeth

-dimorphic traits (robust sagittal keel and thicker cranial bones)

Sites:

-Trinil, Java, Indonesia, and Sangiral Indonesia,1.7 mya

-Dmanisi, Georgia, 1.8 mya, cc of 600, small body, Oldowan tools, overall mixture of traits

Homo ergaster

-1.8mya-300kya

-version of Homo erectus within Africa

morphology:

-less sagittal keel

-robust midface

-shorter round cranium

sites:

-turkana boy, Lake Turkana, Kenya, 1.5mya, 12yo boy, very small, somewhat primitive

Homo antecessor

-1.2mya-2.4 mya

-Orce, Spain

-hypothesized to be intermediate between H. erectus and H. heidelbergensis in Europe

-Oldowan tools

morphology:

-large brown ridge

-orthognathic

-small teeth

Homo heidelbergensis

-750kya-200kya

-most likely candidate for LCA between neanderthals and us

innovations:

-fire, spears, shelters

-symbolic behavior, in Atapuerca, 400kya

-very refined Acheulean tech

sites:

-Heidelberg, Germany, 500kya

-atapuerca, Spain, 400kya, Sima de los Huesos

-steinheim germany, 250kya

-Petralona, Greece, 250kya

-Asia —> Denisovans? Dali China (250kya) and Jinshuan Shan China (280kya)

morphology:

-begining of cold adaptations in europe

Homo rhodesiensis

-version of Homo heidelbergensis that’s in Africa

sites:

-Bodo, Ethiopia, 600kya

-Kabwe, Zambia, 250kya

morphology:

-some warmer adaptations in Africa

-cranial capacity of 1100-1300

-sagittal keeling

-parietal torus

-robust supraorbital torus

-very. Reminiscence of neanderthals cranially!

Homo longi/Denisovans

-closely related to neanderthals, in asia and siberia

-200kya?-30kya

sites:

-southern siberia, cave, 48kya-30kya, proximal phalanx

-using mtDNA and tracing phylogenetic lines

-nenaderthals lvied within 100km and modern humans in the region but 40kya

-divergence from neanderthals and modern humans about 1mya according to mtDNA

Homo sapiens Neanderthalensis

-Europe and Asia, 400kya-28kya

morphology:

-prominent supraorbital torus

-occipital bun

-projecting midface

-lower receding forehead

-NO CHIN!

-cranial capacity of 1400-1600

-hella wide noses and nasal cavities

-broad shoulders, short lower legs because of uphill and uneven walking

-wide pelvis and robust hand bones and joint surfaces

technology:

Mousterian tech

-projectiles?

-Levallois scarapers and points for butchering

-prepared core technology, very efficient

Homo sapiens sapiens

-anatomically modern humans (AMH)

morphology:

-large cranial capacity of 1400

-steep forehead, high cranial vault overall

-reduced rupraorbital torus

-orthognathic face

-overall reduced mastication (tooth size, jaw size)

-reduced nasal size comparatively, overall lack of neanderthal feautres

-BIG OLE CHIN

Sites:

-Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, 300-315kya, mandible

-herto, ethiopia, 160kya, reduced browridhe and zygomatic arches