mod 10- constraints on motor control

signs

objective findings of pathology determined by physical examination

symptoms

subjective reports associated with pathology perceived by a patient

positive symptoms

symptom that is release of an abnormal behavior

negative symptoms

symptoms that is an absence of a normal behavior

primary imparirment

direct effect of CNS or PNS lesion, impacting the body’s core function

secondary impairment

impairment that occur as a result of a primary impairment

paresis, spasticity

examples of primary NM impairments

atrophy of muscles, hypermobility of joints

examples of secondary MS impairments

motor cortex

cortex in frontal lobe of brain that does movement initiation and coordination of fine motor skills

premotor, SMA

2 premotor cortical areas

premotor cortex

part of premotor cortical area that plans initiation of movement, rhythmic coordination, and observes actions by others

supplemental motor area (SMA)

part of premotor cortical area that controls sequential movements and mentally rehearses movements in order to learn new movement sequences

paralysis/ plegia

complete loss of muscle function

paresis

partial loss of muscle strength

muscle tone

muscle’s resistance to passive stretch

hypertonicity

positive sign of CNS pathology

spasticity

velocity-dependent increase in resistance of a muscle or muscle group to passive stretch

regidity

increased resistance to passive movement, independent of movement velocity

hypotonicity

negative sign of CNS pathology

individuation

fractionation of movement

individuation

ability to selectively activate a muscle, allowing isolated joint motion. Loss of this ability causes abnormal synergies

cerebellum

part of brain that contributes to coordination of movement by ensuring smooth and accurate movements, postural control, movement timing, and regulating motor output with error detection and correction

ataxia

hallmark of pathology with cerebellum

ataxia

discoordination of voluntary movement

intention termor

rhythmic, involuntary oscillatory movement of a body part, mostly at the end of a movement

dysmtetria

problem in judging distance, range, or force of a movement

dysdiadochokinesia

inability to perform rapid alternating rhythmic movements (RAM)

cerebellum

hypotonia, ataxia, intention tremor, coordination difficulties, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia—these all have what in common?

basal ganglia

part of brain that prepares for and executes movement, selectively suppressing some muscles to control force

hypokinetic

this kind of disorder involves slow or diminished movement

hyperkinetic

this kind of disorder involves excessive involuntary movement

hypokinetic

is Parkinsons a hypo or hyperkinetic disease?

hyperkinetic

is Huntington’s disease and athetoid CP a hypo or hyperkinetic disease?

chorea

involuntary rapid, irregular, and jerky movement

hyper

is chorea characteristics of hypo or hyperkinetic disorders?

hypokinetic

bradykinesia, akinesia, rigidity, dystonia, tremor—these are all characteristics of hypo or hyperkinetic disorders?

dystonia

syndrome dominated by sustained muscle contractions; has slow twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal posture