World Civilization II Test 1

scientific revolution

a period of scientific and intellectual change in Europe that occurred between the 1500s and 1700s

Paracelsus

a German-Swiss physician and alchemist who established the role of chemistry in medicine.

Andreas Vesalius

surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy

William Harvey

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Issac Newton

described the laws of motion and gravity

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism

Copernicus

was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

Galileo

He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies.

Tycho Brahe

astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

Spanish Empire

Empire control in Mexico, South America, and Florida, religious empire; Franciscans + mission system, defensive buffers vs. English, French, and Russians. Economic empire.

Holy Roman Empire

An empire established in Europe in the 10th century A.D., originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy

Louis XIV of France

"Sun King", absolute monarch of France, built Palace of Versailles, revoked Edict of Nantes

standing army

a permanent army of professional soldiers

Versailles

A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

War of Spanish Succession

a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.

Mercantilism

belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

Colbert

a finance minister under Louis XIV that applied mercantilism to France to help increase revenue

English Civil War

civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I

Charles I

son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

English Bill of Rights

document that gave England a government based on a system of laws and a freely elected parliament

Austria and Hapsburgs

austria was ruled by the habsburgs

Prussia and Hohenzollerns

a strong military state that emerged in europe in the late 1600s. and a ruling family who united holdings and created prussia

Fredrick William the Great Elector

laid the foundation for the prussian state. built large and efficient standing army.

Peter the Great

czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government

Great Northern War

war where Russia's victory under Peter the Great leads to control over Baltic Sea

Westernization

adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Globalization

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Seven Years War

worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Manioc

The most important American crop introduced into Africa in the sixteenth century.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Cash Crops

crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit

Diaspora

the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century.

Qing Dynasty

the last imperial dynasty of China

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Dutch

Corruption of a German word used as a term for German immigrants in Pennsylvania

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Suleyman

Ruled Ottoman Empire for 46 years and when it was at its height, he was also called "The Magnificent", spread the empire, many cultural interests, expanded military, millet system, devshirme system,

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell. Followers are called Muslims.

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.

Safavid

Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries.

Mughal

one of the nomads who invaded the Indian subcontinent in the 16th century and established a powerful empire there

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor who succeeded Shah Jajan known for his religious zealotry