Period 1 APUSH COLLEGE BOARD

Explain the context for European encounters in the Americas from 1491 to 1607 (one)

As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments

Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure

Example:

The Iroquis in NY and PA clearing land to hurt and grow crops and land for housing

In the southwest, the Pueblos located near the Rio grande used irrigation systems and MAIZE was large in their diets

Explain the context for European encounters in the Americas from 1491 to 1607 (two)

Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean

Exchange of plants, animals culture humans and

disease

From America: potatoes, tomato, maize

From Europe: wheat, rice, horse, chicken, oxen

Impacts:

Europe: population growth, wealth, the rise of

capitalism

Africa: use of slaves, decrease population

America: disease, social classes (mestizos)

horse transformed life, encomienda system

European expansion into the Western

Hemisphere generated intense social,

religious, political, and economic competition

and changes within European societies.

encomienda system, headright system

(indentured servants), slavery, mestizos,

mission system

The Columbian Exchange and development

of the Spanish Empire in the Western

Hemisphere resulted in extensive

demographic, economic, and social changes

dem: europe population increase, native

population decrease

economic: Europe shift thords capitalism

In their interactions, Europeans and Native

Americans asserted divergent world views

regarding issues such as religion, gender

roles, family, land use, and power

Natives: animism Europeans: One God

Natives: not own individual land Europeans: all

land was private ownership

Gender: matriarchal vs patriarchal

Explain how and why various native populations in the period before European contact interacted with

the natural environment in North America.

The spread of maize cultivation from present day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies

caused natives to settle

down and built villages

pueblos in the rio

grande started an

advance irrigation

system

Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles

fallowed heard of bison

and lived in tepees

In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard, some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages

An example is the Iroquis, grew

corn

Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean

Lived in longhouses, had

advanced cannons.

Fished and used seals

Explain the causes of exploration and conquest of the New World by various European nations

European nations' efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity.

3 G's

christianity: Spanish

military posts

economic growth in

England

wealth: mines and

natural resources

Explain causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effect on Europe and the Americas during the period after 1492

The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the

European shift from feudalism to capitalism

Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock

companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas

sextant: help find more

persice sailing

Caravel was used for

long distance sailing

joint-stock companies:

jamestown in 1607

Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas

small pox and measles

horses, rice, sugar and

wheat

Explain how the growth of the Spanish Empire in North America shaped

the development of social and economic structures over time

In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources

large sugar plantations

European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining

Liberia

The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire

Peninsulares, Creoles,

Mestizos, Mullatoes

Native Americans and

Africans

Explain how and why European and Native American perspectives of others developed and changed in the period

In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power

religion: multiple gods

vs one god

patriarch vs matriarch

capitalism vs public

Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other. Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other's culture

Natives used the horse

and weapons (guns)

french and dutch had

good relationships with

natives

As European encroachments on Native

Americans' lands and demands on their labor

increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs,

and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance

pequot war

king philips war

Explain how and why European and Native American perspectives

of others developed and changed in the period.

Extended contact with Native Americans and

Africans fostered a debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans

Religion: bible

Race: they were

savages and they

were civilizing them

Explain the effects of the development of transatlantic voyages from 1491 to 1607

As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over

time, they developed distinct and increasingly

complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments

Different native societies adapted to and

transformed their environments through

innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure

Explain the effects of the development of transatlantic voyages from 1491 to 1607

Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the

Atlantic Ocean

European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies

Feudalism to

capitalism

escape religious

persecution

The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive

demographic, economic, and social changes

demographic:

90% decrease in

native population

natives seen as

savages

In their interactions, Europeans and Native

Americans asserted divergent world views

regarding issues such as religion, gender

roles, family, land use, and power