Lesson 3: Environmental problems

To address an issue/ problem /əˈdres/

- Example: The report _______ the issue of climate change.

- Definition: Giải quyết vấn đề (to give attention to or deal with a matter or problem)

- Word form & Level: V - C1

Compelling /kəmˈpel.ɪŋ/

- Example: It's a fairly _______ argument for going, every evidence is persuasive, so I agree.

- Definition: Có sức thuyết phục (If a reason, argument, etc. is compelling, it makes you believe it or accept it because it is so strong/ forceful and persuasive)

- Word form & Level: Adj

Exert /ɪɡˈzɜːt/

- Example: Some managers _______ considerable pressure on their staff to work extra hours without being paid.

- Example 2: If you were to _______ your influence they might change their decision.

- Definition: Áp dụng ảnh hưởng/quyền lực (to use something such as authority, power, influence, etc. in order to make something happen)

- Word form & Level: V

Spark /spɑːk/

- Example: This proposal will almost certainly _______ another countrywide debate about immigration.

- Definition: Khuấy động, tạo ra (to cause the start of something, especially an argument or fighting)

- Word form & Level: V - C2

Exacerbate /ɪɡˈzæs.ə.beɪt/

- Example: This attack will _______ the already tense relations between the two communities.

- Definition: Làm trầm trọng thêm (to make something that is already bad even worse)

- Word form & Level: V

Daunting /ˈdɔːn.tɪŋ/

- Example: The country was faced with the daunting prospect of overcoming four decades of division.

- Example 2: The detection of selection acting on common traits in man remains a _______ task.

- Definition: Gây nản lòng (making you feel slightly frightened or worried about your ability to achieve something)

- Word form & Level: Adj

Widespread

- Example: The team has received _______ support, almost everyone in the city wishes for their first win.

- Definition: Diện rộng (existing or happening in many places and/or among many people)

- Word form & Level: Adj - C1

Curb /kɜːb/

- Example: The new law was designed to _______ the rise in plastic consumption.

- Definition: Dừng những ảnh hưởng không mong muốn (Prevent or control sth that is not wanted)

- Word form & Level: V - C2

Pollution /pəˈluː.ʃən/

- Example: Heavy traffic flow is a major source of noise _______ in urban areas.

- Definition: Ô nhiễm diện rộng (damage caused to water, air, etc. by harmful substances or waste)

- Word form & Level: N - B1

Contamination /kənˌtæmɪˈneɪʃn/

- Example: Environmental _______ resulting from human activities is a major health concern.

- Definition: Ô nhiễm, không còn tinh khiết (the process or fact of making a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is dangerous or carries disease)

- Word form & Level: N - C1

Shift /ʃɪft/

- Example: The moment marked a significant _______ in attitudes to the war.

- Definition: Thay đổi (Change from one position/ direction to another)

- Word form & Level: N - C1

Toxic emissions

- Example: Reducing the consumption of energy and increasing its efficient use would help control _______.

- Definition: Khí thải có hại (an amount of a substance that is produced and sent out into the air that is harmful to the environment, especially carbon dioxide)

- Register: Specialized

- Word form & Level: N - C2

Viable /ˈvaɪ.ə.bəl/

- Example: High-speed rail is a _______ alternative to domestic flights.

- Definition: Có tính khả thi (able to work as intended or able to succeed)

- Synonyms: Feasible

- Word form & Level: Adj - C1

Death /deθ/

- Example: an increase in _______ from cancer

- Definition: Cái chết (the fact of somebody dying or being killed)

- Word form & Level: N - A2

Extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃn/

- Example: The _______ of the Dodo bird serves as a warning about human impact.

- Definition: Cả một loài không còn tồn tại (a situation in which a plant, an animal, a way of life, etc. stops existing)

- Word form & Level: N - B2

Incentivize /ɪnˈsen.tɪ.vaɪz/

- Example: We must _______ corporations to adopt greener production methods.

- Definition: Cung cấp phần thưởng/ lợi ích để thúc đẩy việc gì đó (to encourage somebody to behave in a particular way by offering them a reward)

- Word form & Level: V

Catastrophic /ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk/

- Example: The _______ effects of the oil spill will be felt for decades.

- Definition: Thảm hoạ (cause sudden and very great harm or destruction)

- Word form & Level: Adj - C2

Deplete /dɪˈpliːt/

- Example: Over-farming has _______ the soil of nutrients.

- Definition: Làm cạn kiệt (to reduce something in size or amount, especially supplies of energy, money, etc.)

- Word form & Level: V

Phase out /feɪz/

- Example: The government plans to _______ diesel vehicles by 2030.

- Definition: Loại bỏ dần dần, có lộ trình (to stop using something in stages over a period of time)

- Word form & Level: V

Remove /rɪˈmuːv/

- Example: Illegally parked vehicles will be _______.

- Definition: Loại bỏ (to take somebody/something away from a place)

- Word form & Level: V - A2

Eradicate /ɪˈrædɪkeɪt/

- Example: We are determined to _______ racism from our sport, so that every one from every country can be treated the same.

- Definition: Xoá bỏ, loại bỏ những thứ tiêu cực như dịch bệnh, đói nghèo, tệ nạn (to destroy or get rid of something completely, especially something bad)

- Word form & Level: V - C2

Eliminate /iˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/

- Example: The government should _______ the habit of littering in parks.

- Definition: Loại bỏ

- Word form & Level: V - C1

Meticulous /məˈtɪkjələs/

- Example: Many hours of _______ preparation have gone into writing the book.

- Definition: Tỉ mỉ (paying careful attention to every detail)

- Word form & Level: Adj - C2

Merit /ˈmer.ɪt/

- Example: Brierley's book has the _______ of being both informative and readable.

- Definition: Chất lương tốt (the quality of being good and deserving praise)

- Register: Formal

- Word form & Level: N - C1

Plethora of /ˈpleθ.ər.ə/

- Example: There's a _______ of books about the royal family.

- Definition: Nhiều (a very large amount of something, especially a larger amount than you need, want, or can deal with)

- Register: Formal

- Word form & Level: N - C2

Excessive

- Example: Constant shopping creates a _______ amount of waste.

- Definition: Quá nhiều (too much)

- Word form & Level: Adj - C1

Remediate /rɪˈmiː.di.eɪt/

- Example: It's a problem that we will need to continue to monitor and _______.

- Definition: Khắc phục (to correct something that is wrong or damaged or to improve a bad situation)

- Register: Formal

- Word form & Level: V

Formidable /fɔːˈmɪd.ə.bəl/

- Example: There were _______ obstacles to reaching an early settlement of the dispute.

- Definition: Ghê gớm (causing you to have fear or respect for something or someone because that thing or person is large, powerful, or difficult)

- Word form & Level: Adj - C2

Exert /ɪɡˈzɜːt/

- Example: Some managers _______ considerable pressure on their staff to work extra hours without being paid.

- Definition: Gây ra + pressure/ influence/ control (to use something such as authority, power, influence, etc. in order to make something happen)

- Word form & Level: V

Alleviate /əˈliː.vi.eɪt/

- Example: The drugs did nothing to _______ her pain/suffering.

- Definition: Giảm thiểu vấn đề/ Nỗi đau (to make something bad such as pain or problems less severe)

- Register: Formal

- Word form & Level: V

Carbon footprint /ˌkɑː.bən ˈfʊt.prɪnt/

- Example: We have partnered with nearby farms, hoping to reduce the _______ of our delivery trucks.

- Definition: Tổng lượng phát thải khí nhà kính (Total greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual/organization.)

- Word form & Level: N - B2

Ecological degradation /ˌiː.kəˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl ˌdeɡ.rəˈdeɪ.ʃən/

- Example: One of the effects of _______ is the absence of fish in that river.

- Definition: Sự suy thoái hệ sinh thái (the process in which the beauty or quality of something is destroyed or spoiled)

- Word form & Level: N.phr

Mitigate /ˈmɪt.ɪ.ɡeɪt/

- Example: It is unclear how to _______ of tourism on the island.

- Definition: Giảm nhẹ ảnh hưởng (to make something less harmful, unpleasant, or bad)

- Synonym: Alleviate

- Register: Formal

- Word form & Level: V

Irreversible /ˌɪr.ɪˈvɜː.sə.bəl/

- Example: Smoking has caused _______ damage to his lungs.

- Definition: Tác động vĩnh viễn (not possible to change

impossible to return to a previous condition)

- Word form & Level: Adj - C2

Toxic effluents /ˈef.lu.ənt/

- Example: _______ from local factories are finding their way into the river.

- Definition: Nước thải công nghiệp (liquid waste that is sent out from factories or places where sewage is dealt with, usually flowing into rivers, lakes, or the sea)

- Register: Specialized

- Word form & Level: N.phr

Biodiversity loss

- Example: _______ can have significant direct health impacts if ecosystem services no longer meet societal needs.

- Definition: Mất đa dạng sinh học

- Word form & Level: N.phr

Grave /ɡreɪv/

- Example: The new regulations pose a _______ threat to small businesses

- Definition: Tạo mối đe dọa lớn (To be extremely dangerous to something.)

- Word form & Level: Adj - B1

Disposable /dɪˈspəʊ.zə.bəl/

- Example: _______ culture is the practice of throwing something out after a single use.

- Definition: Văn hoá dùng một lần (A society influenced by consumerism and the use of short-lived products)

- Synonyms: Throwaway culture

- Word form & Level: Adj - C2

Excessive packaging

- Example: Overpackaging refers to the use of _______ methods and materials—meaning more than what's needed to contain, protect, transport and sell what's inside.

- Definition: Đóng gói quá mức (Using more materials than necessary to wrap or protect goods)

To stimulate consumer demand

- Example: Thanks to the development of online shopping platforms and digital marketing, buyers are exposed to repetitively viral short videos, which _______.

- Definition: Thúc đẩy nhu cầu tiêu dùng (To encourage people to buy more)

Planned obsolescence

- Example: _______ makes a product outdated or useless after a set period, boosting future consumer demand for replacements.

- Definition: Lỗi thời có kế hoạch (Designing products to break or become outdated quickly.)

- Word form & Level: N

Single-use plastics

- Example: _______ has become more prevalent in production and consumption than other materials due to the advantages it may bring.

- Definition: Nhựa dùng một lần (Plastic items intended to be used only once (e.g., straws))

Sustainable consumption

- Definition: Sự tiêu dùng bền vững (Use of products that minimize environmental impact)

To put a curb on shopping habits

- Example: You must try to put a _______, you are buying too much!

- Definition: Kiềm chế thói quen mua sắm (To limit or control the urge to buy things)

- Word form & Level: V - C2

To implement green initiatives

- Definition: Áp dụng, triển khai sáng kiến xanh

Renewable energy integration /ˌɪn.tɪˈɡreɪ.ʃən/

- Example: _______ focuses on incorporating renewable energy, distributed generation, energy storage, thermally activated technologies, and demand response into the electric distribution and transmission system.

- Definition: Tích hợp năng lượng tái tạo (The process of including wind/solar into the main grid)

- Word form & Level: N - C1

To incentivize eco-friendly behavior

- Example: By creating a paperless office, supporting sustainable commutes, and allowing remote work, companies can effectively _______.

- Definition: Khuyến khích hành vi thân thiện với môi trường (To provide rewards for protecting the environment)