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What is a proprietary colony?
Colonies granted to an individual or group with self-government rights.
What is a royal colony?
A colony ruled by officials appointed by the reigning sovereign.
What were the New England Colonies?
New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay Colonies, Rhode Island, Connecticut.
What were the Middle Colonies?
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware.
What were the Southern Colonies?
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia.
What happened to the Roanoke colony?
Disappeared with no confirmed explanation.
Who was John White?
Governor of the Roanoke colony.
Why did John White leave Roanoke?
To gather supplies from England.
What did John White find when he returned to Roanoke?
No trace of the colony or its inhabitants.
What was carved into a wooden post at Roanoke?
The word 'Croatoan'.
What were some theories about what happened to Roanoke?
Moving, native attacks, Spanish conquests.
What colony did the lessons from Roanoke help?
Jamestown, founded 17 years later.
When did the English find Jamestown?
1607.
Who founded Quebec?
The French
When was Quebec founded?
1609
Who found Santa Fe, New Mexico?
The Spanish
What were the early problems in the Chesapeake region?
Colonists and Natives, disease, starvation, Native raids
What was the name of the first successful English settlement in the Chesapeake region?
Jamestown
What happened during the Starving Time in Jamestown?
Severe food shortage, disease, and starvation
Who assumed leadership and saved Jamestown from disaster?
John Smith
Who saved Jamestown by serving as an intermediary between the settlers and Native Americans?
Pocahontas
What was the emergence of the tobacco economy in the Chesapeake region?
The cultivation and export of tobacco became the main economic activity
What was the Headright System?
A system where colonists received land grants for bringing indentured servants to the colony
What was the House of Burgesses?
The first representative assembly in the American colonies
What was the birth of American slavery in the Chesapeake region?
The introduction of African slaves as a labor force
What was the suppression of the Powhatan Indians?
The English colonists' efforts to subdue and control the Powhatan tribe
What led to the demise of the Virginia Company?
Mismanagement, financial difficulties, and conflicts with Native Americans
Who was George Calvert?
The founder of Maryland and the first Lord Baltimore
What was the proprietary rule in Maryland?
The Calverts were granted land and the authority to rule as proprietors
What was the Act concerning religion in Maryland?
A law that granted religious toleration to all Christians
Where was Jamestown located?
Along the James River in the Chesapeake Bay
How many settlers arrived in Jamestown by 1609?
400
Who took over as governor of Jamestown in 1610?
Lord de la Warr
What harsh rule did Lord de la Warr impose on Jamestown?
Harsh military rule
What tactics did Lord de la Warr use against the Indians?
Brutal tactics such as raiding villages and burning houses
What were the brutal tactics used by Lord de la Warr called?
First Anglo-Powhatan War
When did the First Anglo-Powhatan War end?
1614
Who married Pocahontas, ending the First Anglo-Powhatan War?
John Rolfe
What major Powhatan uprising occurred in 1622?
Second Powhatan Uprising
How many settlers remained in Jamestown by 1625?
1,200 settlers
Who perfected methods of raising and curing tobacco in Jamestown?
John Rolfe
What did John Rolfe's methods of tobacco production lead to?
Increased demand for tobacco among Europeans
How much tobacco did Virginia produce in 1618?
20,000 pounds
How much tobacco did Virginia produce in 1622?
60,000 pounds
What happened to the Virginia Company?
It became defunct and control of the colony was turned over to the Crown
How much tobacco did Virginia produce in 1627?
500,000 pounds
How much tobacco did Virginia produce in 1629?
1,500,000 pounds
What was the headright system?
A system that promised land to new settlers in Jamestown
How much land did new settlers receive under the headright system?
50 acres
How much land did existing settlers receive under the headright system?
100 acres
What assembly was authorized by the London Company in 1619?
House of Burgesses
What was Maryland known for?
Being the 2nd plantation colony and a refuge for Catholics.
Who founded Maryland and when?
Lord Baltimore in 1634.
What were Tobacco Wives?
Women given to men as an incentive for the headright system.
What was the labor system in the Chesapeake Bay colonies?
Dependent on indentured servants and later African slaves.
What crops were grown in the Chesapeake Bay colonies?
Tobacco and sugar.
What was the role of African slaves in the Chesapeake Bay colonies?
Providing intensive labor on plantations.
What ideas did wealthy plantation owners bring to the southern colonies?
Plantation and slave systems, including slave codes.
What was the ratio of African slaves to English colonists in the West Indies?
4 to 1.
When were the first African slaves sold in Virginia?
1619.
Why did owners begin importing slaves in the 1600s?
Decreasing indentured slave populations.
What was the main reason for slave labor being expensive?
Additional slave purchases were minimal.
What was the middle passage?
The route through which slaves were brought to the Americas.
What was the outcome of warfare between Native Americans and settlers?
Natives were pushed Westward or killed by disease/warfare.
Why were the English unsuccessful in keeping natives as labor?
Natives were disorganized and continued to help white settlers.
What were the main factors that led to the decline of the Native American population?
Disease, disposability, and disorganization.
What diseases affected Native Americans?
Smallpox and measles.
What happened to the Powhatans by 1685?
The English considered them extinct.
What was the main reason for the relocation of Native Americans not affecting the colonies?
The English did not rely on them for labor.
What is disposability?
Indians were not seen as valuable commodities.
What caused native competition and violence?
Introduction of firearms, mobility, and desire for prime hunting locations.
Why did people want more furs?
To trade with Europeans and acquire more firearms.
Who entered the Virginia colony in 1642?
Lord Berkley.
Under whose decree did Lord Berkley enter the colony?
King Charles I.
What was Lord Berkley responsible for?
Putting down Native uprisings and expanding Virginia's territories.
How did Lord Berkley rule?
As an autocrat.
Who could vote for burgesses by 1670?
Only those who owned land.
Who could vote in 1619?
All men over 17.
Were elections frequent in Virginia?
No, they were rare.
What were the main causes of Bacon's Rebellion?
Social unrest, rising taxes, inflation, opposition to forts, and desire for reprisals against Native peoples.
Who was Nathaniel Bacon?
A wealthy and educated man who owned a large plantation near the native frontier.
What losses did Nathaniel Bacon suffer?
Heavy losses at the hands of the Natives.
What did Nathaniel Bacon ask Governor Berkely?
To be allowed to lead the troops.
What was the governor's response to Nathaniel Bacon's request?
He said no and believed the attacks would soon cease.
Who controlled trade corruptly in Virginia?
Governor Sir William Berkely.
What did the governor receive from his friends?
Kickbacks for concessions.
What happened in the 1660s?
People began to live longer.
What happened to indentured servants in the 1660s?
They finished their contracts.
Why did tobacco prices drop?
There was an increase in tobacco production.
What did plantation farmers do in response to dropping tobacco prices?
They bought more land to plant more tobacco.
What options did the poor have?
Become tenant farmers or move.
Why did the governor build forts on the frontier?
To stop emigration and preserve peace.
What caused social unrest in Virginia?
High unemployment and rising taxes and inflation.
What were some forms of protest during this time?
Mutinies among servants and protests against forts and Native peoples.
What happened when the plan backfired?
New assembly passes reform legislation and imposes restrictions for governor.
What did both armies do in Virginia?
Both armies plundered different parts of Virginia.
What did Berkeley do in 1676?
Berkeley sent militia out of Jamestown.
Who took over Jamestown?
Bacon took Jamestown.
What happened to Berkeley?
Berkeley was forced to flee.
What did Bacon do after taking over Jamestown?
Bacon burned Jamestown down in victory.