CSET Multiple Subjects Subtest 1 Reading Language and Literature

LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

Almost every human child succeeds in learning language. The most complex skill that a human being will ever master. Nearly all people succeed in learning this complex skill demonstrates how well language has adapted to human nature. Language is the complete expression of what it means to be human.

Basic Components of Human Language

1.Phonology

2.Semantics

3.Grammar:

4.Pragmatics:

5.Morphology:

6.Syntax:

phonology

The study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes.

Semantics

The system of meanings that are expressed by words and phrases. In order to serve as a means of communication between people, words must have a shared or conventional meaning. Picking out the correct meaning for each new word is a major learning task for children.

Grammer

The system of rules by which words and phrases are arranged to make meaningful statements. Children need to learn how to use the ordering of words to mark grammatical functions such as subject or direct object.

Pragmatics

The field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals

Morphology

The study of word formation and structure.

Syntax

The grammatical arrangement of words in sentences;the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language,

Methods for Studying Language Acquisition

1. Recording and transcribing what children say.

2. Researchers can HABITUATE

3. Children can be shown pictures of toys along with their name

Methods for Studying Language Acquision

4. Children can be asked to answer questions,

5. repeat sentences

6. judgments about grammar.

Reasons for Studying Language Acquisition

Having obtained a set of data from children or their parents, researchers next need to group these data into measures of particular types of language skills, such as vocabulary, sentences, concepts, or conversational

abilities.

What is Language?

Language is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication.

Linguistics

The scientific study of language is called linguistics.

How Many Language are there?

Number of languages and dialects. estimates vary between around 6,000 and 7,000 languages

What does Human Language Rely on?

social convention and learning.

How did Language originate?

Language is thought to have originated when early hominins first started cooperating, gradually changing their primate communication systems as they acquired the ability to form a theory of other minds and shared intentionality.The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture.

Where is Language processed in the brain?

Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain, but especially in Broca's and Wernicke's areas.

How do humans acquire language?

Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood. Children generally speak fluently when they are around three years old.

What are the social and cultural uses of Language?

Signifying group identity, social stratification, as well as for social grooming and entertainment.

Semiosis

To relate signs with particular meanings. Languages rely on the process of semiosis.

How are languages Systematic?

All languages have systems.

Phonological system

Governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes.

Universality of Linguistic Structures or Languages

All languages are systemic

All languages are conventional

All languages are redundant.

All languages change.

How are languages Conventional?

It means that everyone speaks the language the same way. All of a certain item has one name.

How are languages Redundant?

It means that all languages say the same things twice (e.g. subject-verb agreement.)

How do languages Change?

Languages never stay the same. New words are added, their is a loss of words, or both.

Syntactic System

A system of rules and structures which governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances.

Potential For Differences among Languages

Languages evolve and diversify over time, and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had for the later stages to have occurred.

What is a Language Family?

A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family.

olondo European Language Family

English, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian and Hindi.

Sino-Tibetan language Family

Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese and many others

Semitic language Family

Arabic, Amharic and Hebrew

oBantu language Family

which include Swahili, Zulu, Shona and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa.

What are the properties of Human Language

Human language has the properties of productivity, recursivity, and displacement.

First Language Acquisition

BABBLING (0.6-1.0, ma-ma-ma), 1 word HOLOPHRASES(1.0-2.0, baba, ka), 2 word UTTERANCES(2.0-2.6), TELEGRAPHIC 3-9 words, Mama sit down ground, ALMOST ADULT LIKE 3 to 5 years- I better go check & see what Papa's doing

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning of speech.

Morpheme

The smallest linguistic unit that has a meaning or grammatical function. Stem, prefix, suffix. Phonemes are combined to make Morphemes/ play, play+s, play+er+s, un+play+able, re+play+ed, play+ful+ly *adding morphemes changes the meaning

In terms of Phonemic awareness, What is a Phoneme?

A phoneme respresents each distinct "mouth move" a child makes in a word. For example, the word "pop" has three distinct phonemes or mouth moves: /p/ /o/ /p/. The word "chop" also has three mouth moves, but the first is made up of two letters: /ch/.

Phonemic Awareness

The ability to hear, identify,and manipulate the individual sounds, phonemes, in oral language.

Why is Phonemic Awareness Important?

Essential to learning to read in an alphabetic writing system, because letters represent Sounds or phonemes. Without phonemic awareness, phonics makes little sense. Fundamental to mapping speech to print.

Give an example of why Phomemic Awareness is important.

If a child cannot hear that man and moon begin with the same sound or cannot blend the sounds into the word run, he or she may have great difficulty connecting sounds with their written symbols or blending sounds to make a word.

What is the best predictor of early reading Success?

Phonemic Awareness

Phonics

Teaching reading by training beginners to associate letters with their sound values. Teaching what sounds correspond to what letters and how to blend the sounds together to learn to pronunciate an unknown word

Continuous Sound

A sound that can be prolonged ( stretched out) without distortion ) ( ex: R, S, A,M)

Onset-Rime

In a syllable, the onset is the initial consonant or consonants, and the rime is the vowel and any consonants that follow it (e.g., the word sat, the onset is "s" and the rime is "at". In the word flip, the onset is "fl" and the rime is "ip").

Segmentation

The seperation of words into Phonemes.

Examples of Phonemes

The word "sun" has 3 phonemes: /s/ /u/ /n/ .

The word "shut" also has three phonemes: /sh/ /u/ /t/ .

Features Common in Languages

Tokens, Structure and rules

Tokens of Language

The alphabet of a formal language is the set of symbols, Letters, or tokens from which the strings of the language may be formed

Structure of Language

Phonemes

Morphemes.

Surface Structure

Deep Structure

Surface Structure

Corresponds to the version of a sentence that can be spoken and heard.

.

Deep Structure

An abstract underlying structure from which the actual form of a sentence is derived.

Compare Deep Structure and Surface Structure

For example, the sentence I like her cooking has different meanings because it has different deep structures though only one surface structure. In contrast, the boy will read the book and the book will be read by the boy has different surface structures but one and the same deep structure

Rules of Language

•Phonological

Semantic

• Syntactic

• Pragmatic

• Prosodic

• Idiosyncratic

• References

Phonological Rules

Describe the systematic relationship between sounds. They are responsible for determining what a symbol, or letter of the alphabet, sounds like. For example, the "gh" in the word "cough" creates an "f" sound in that particular word, whereas the same two letters remain silent in the word "although

Semantic Rules

The relationship between symbols and the things they refer to. Semantic rules are the agreed-upon definitions of words. These rules are specific to each language and to each group of symbols in the language.

Syntax Rules

The study of the rules for the formation of grammatical sentences in a language. Those rules that describe how things are organized or ordered. Without rules to govern how sentences are structured there would be no common, basic form for everyone to rely on

Pragmatic Rules

Those rules used in social communication. They depend on the context of the situation. Pragmatics are important because they consider key cultural and social rules that govern relationships.

Prosodic Rules

Tell what rhythm, volume, pitch, tempo, and stress is to be used during a conversation. Reflects emotional state and can add more meaning or feeling to a message.

Idiosyncratic Rules

Tell what type of words and language are to be used when speaking with people. Different word choice is adjusted due to the relationships between the communicators, the context of the conversation, the content of the conversation, and the cultural differences between the communicators.

Jargon

Jargon is a specialized language between certain people or professionals. Doctors or lawyers use jargon relating to their professions when communicating with other professionals, but adjust their word choices when speaking with patients or clients so they do not confuse or create misunderstandings.

Ambiguity

The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. Natural languages are full of ambiguity, which people deal with by using contextual

clues and other information.

Redundancy

: In order to make up for ambiguity and reduce misunderstandings, natural languages

employ lots of redundancy. As a result, they are often verbose. Formal languages are less

redundant and more concise.

Literalness

Formal languages mean exactly what they say. People who grow up speaking a natural language—everyone I know—often have a hard time adjusting to formal languages. In some ways, the difference between formal and natural language is like the difference between poetry and prose, but more so.

Poetry

Words are used for their sounds as well as for their meaning, and the whole poem together

creates an effect or emotional response. Ambiguity is not only common but often deliberate.

Prose

The literal meaning of everyday words is more important, and the structure contributes more meaning.

Prose is more amenable to analysis than poetry but still often ambiguous.

Programs

The meaning of a computer program is unambiguous and literal, and can be understood

entirely by analysis of the tokens and structure.

Phonemic Awareness Skills Developmenal Continuum

Phoneme Isolation

Phoneme Identity

Rhyming Identity

Phoneme Substitution

Oral Segmenting

Oral Blending

Sound Deletion

Oncet Ryme Manipulation

Phoneme Isolation

Requires recognizing the individual sounds in words, for example, "Tell me the first sound you hear in the word paste" (/p/).

Phoneme Identity

Requires recognizing the common sound in different words, for example, "Tell me the sound that is the same in bike, boy and bell" (/b/).

Rhyming Identity

Rhyming is terrific for developing phonemic awareness. Say a word like "cat" and see how many rhyming words he can say.

Phoneme Substitution

When one can turn a word such as cat into another such as hat by substituting one phoneme. Phoneme substitution can take place for initial sounds (cat-hat), middle sounds (cat-cut) or ending sounds (cat-can).

Oral Segmenting

What is the first sound in mop? The teacher says a word, for example, "ball," and students say the individual sounds, /b/, /ɑ/, and /l/.

Oral Blending

What word am I trying to say? The teacher says each sound, for example, "/b/, /ɑ/, /l/" and students respond with the word, "ball."

Sound Deletion

The teacher says word, for example, "bill," has students repeat it, and then instructs students to repeat the word without a sound.

Oncet-rime manipulation

which requires isolation, identification, segmentation, blending, or deletion of onsets -the single consonant or blend that precedes the vowel and following consonants, for example, j-ump, st-op, str-ong.

Why is Phonemic Awareness Difficult?

There are 26 letters in the English language. Though the number of phonemes vary across sources, there are approximately 40 phonemes. Sounds are represented in 250 different spellings.

Pre Alphabetic

Early childhood to Pre-K - Emergent Reader. Aware text progressses from left to right.

Early Alphabetic

Grades K-1. Letters are associated with sounds. Reads simple CVC words. Represents those words with a single sound.

Middle and Late Alphabetic

Grade 1. When reading students begin to recognize chunks or phonograms.

Orthographic

Grades 2 - 3. Students read larger units of print and use analogy to decode larger words. Decoding becomes fluent. Accuracy and speed when reading is stressed.

Five Key Elements in Reading

Phonological Awareness

Phonics

Fluency

Vocabulary

Text Comprehension

Causes of Reading Comprehension Failure

Inadequate instruction

Insufficient exposure and practice

Deficient word recogn ition skills

Deficient memory capacity and functioning

Significant language deficiencies

Causes of Reading Comprehension Failure

Inadequate comprehension monitoring and self-evaluation

Unfamiliarity with text features and task demands

Undeveloped intentional strategies

Inadequate cognitive development and reading experiences

Six Characteristics of Good Readers

Conventions

Comprehension

Context

Interpretation

Synthesis

Evaluation

Conventions

Understanding conventions means being able to make sense of words, grammar, and punctuation. When readers learn to identify and recognize conventions, they can understand meaning.

Comprehension

With comprehension, readers obtain meaning from text. Comprehension occurs when readers make predictions, select main ideas, and understand important details

Context

Contex involves reading between the lines to identify setting, tone, and the voice of the author. Context also includes placing ideas and concepts in a "bigger picture" to help students see practical applications.

Interpretation

When readers interpret, they "fill in gaps" in the text, using clues and evidence from the text to analyze problems and draw conclusions.

Synthesis

Synthesis involves reading beyond the lines, as students must apply and synthesize knowledge from outside the text.

Evaluation

Evaluation occurs when readers are able to express opinions, ask questions, challenge the text, challenge the author, and note bias and distortion.

Fluency

Fluency is the effortless, automatic ability to read words accurately, quickly, and with expression. When students read fluently, they are able to use more of their cognitive capacity to lmderstand, elaborate, and enjoy what is read.

How do readers become Fluent?

A student becomes automatic at word reading by

• Successfully reading a word 4 to 14 times

• Storing in memory tbe connections between letters and sounds and retrieving them

• Reading and rereading large amounts of text

• Having frequent practice reading at their independent reading level (the level at which

they are 95% accurate)

Vocabulary

Vocabulary represents oral,words used in speak ing or recognized in listening. Written words which are

words recognized in print or used in writing that students know in order to communicate effectively.

Why is vocabulary important to reading

Vocabulary is important to reading comprehension. Vocabulary is developed through oral language conversations, listening to adults read, reading extensively, and through explicit vocabulary instruction.

Comprehension

Comprehension is the process by which students actively and thoughtfully interact with text, constructing meaning. This complex cognitive process involves the intentional interaction between reader and text to convey meaning.

Readers and Comprehension

Readers who comprehend well are aIso good decoders. Readers who are taught cognitive strategies make significant gains on measures of reading comprehension.

Children lacking Phonemic Awareness cannot do the following

They cannot group words with similar and dissimilar sounds (mat, mug, sun) blend and split syllables (f oot)

blend sounds into words (m_a_n)

• segment a word as a sequence of sounds (e.g., fish is made up of three phonemes, /f/ ,

/i/, /sh/)

• detect and manipulate sounds within words (change "r" in "run" to "s" to make "sun").

The Alphabetic Principal

Letters and combinations of letters are the symbols used to represent the speech sounds of a language based on systematic and predictable relationships between written letters, symbols, and spoken words.

Parts of Speech

nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections