Unit 7 Study Guide

Cranial cavity

Cranial cavity

the space inside the skull

Dorsal cavity

the posterior portion of the body close to the spine

Thoracic cavity

the space inside the thorax that contains the heart, lungs, and other organs

Ventral cavity

the anterior aspect of the human body

Medial

situated in the middle

Transverse

situated or extending across something

Proximal

situated nearer to the center of the body or the point of attachment

Midsagittal

the plane that evenly divides the head into right and left halves

Ventral

relating to the underside of an animal or plant; abdominal

Superior

higher in rank, status, or quality

Distal

situated away from the center of the body or from the point of attachment

Abduction

the action of taking someone away by force or deception

Adduction

the movement of a limb or other part toward the midline of the body or toward another part

Flexion

the action of bending or the condition of being bent, especially the bending of a limb or joint

Extension

a part that is added to something to enlarge or prolong it

Rotation

the action or process of rotating on or as if on an axis or center

Sudoriferous

secreting sweat

Dermis

the layer of skin beneath the epidermis and above the subcutaneous layer

Epidermis

the outermost layer of skin

Papule

a small, raised, solid pimple or swelling on the skin

Macule

a flat, distinct, discolored area of skin

Wheal

a red swollen mark left on flesh by a blow or pressure

Vesicle

a small fluid-filled bladder, sac, cyst, or vacuole within the body

Pupil

the black opening in the middle of the colored part of the eye

Cornea

the transparent layer forming the front of the eye

Lens

the crystalline lens of the eye

Vitreous humor

the transparent gelatinous tissue filling the eyeball behind the lens

Aqueous humor

the clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea

Pinna

the external part of the ear in humans

Epiglottis

a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue that covers the opening of the windpipe during swallowing

Pharynx

the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth that connects them to the esophagus

Larynx

the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords

Bronchiole

a minute branch into which a bronchus divides

Alveoli

tiny air sacs in the lungs that allow for rapid gaseous exchange

Cilia

eyelashes

Congenital disease

a condition present from birth

Inherited disease

a disease caused by genes passed from parent to child

Infectious disease

illnesses caused by germs that enter the body and cause infection

Degenerative disease

a disorder characterized by the progressive loss of function and structure of affected tissues

Parathyroid gland

glands located behind the thyroid

Adrenal gland

ductless glands situated above the kidneys

Thymus gland

a lymphoid organ in the neck that produces T cells for the immune system

Pineal gland

a pea-sized conical mass of tissue behind the third ventricle of the brain that secretes a hormone-like substance in some mammals

Thyroid gland

a gland that produces hormones regulating the body's metabolic rate, growth, and development

Pancreas

a long, flat gland located in the abdomen behind the stomach

Placenta

a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant mammals that nourishes and maintains the fetus through the umbilical cord

Ovary

a female reproductive organ that produces ova or eggs

Epithelial tissues

tissues that form the covering of body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands

Connective tissue

tissues that support organs and cells, transport nutrients and wastes, defend against pathogens, store fat, and repair damaged tissues

Nerve tissue

tissue responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities

Muscle tissue

tissue composed of cells that have the ability to contract and produce movement

Tricuspid valve

a valve between the heart's two chambers

Pulmonary valve

one of the four valves that control blood flow in the heart

Mitral valve

the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart

Aortic valve

a valve between the left ventricle and the aorta to prevent the backflow of oxygen-rich blood

Arteries

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Veins

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Average adult has how many quarts of blood?

4-6 quarts of blood

How many muscles are in the body

600 muscles in the adult body

How many bones do adults have

206 bones in the body

Diaphysis

the long shaft of long bones

Endosteum

a membrane that lines the medullary canal

Red marrow

marrow that produces red and white blood cells

Where do the 12 bones attach

to the thoracic vertebrae

Fascia

a sheetlike membrane that attaches muscles to bones

Muscle spasm

sudden, painful involuntary muscle contraction

Neurons

cells that carry impulses to a cell body

Muscles

partially contracted at all times

Myelin sheath

insulates an axon to increase the rate of impulse transmission

Afferent nerves

nerves that carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord from all parts of the body

Efferent nerves

nerves that carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

What is the lower part of the septum?

called the interventricular septum

Left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

Systole

the period of ventricular contraction in the heart

Diastole

the brief period of rest in the heart

Fibrinogen and prothrombin

blood proteins necessary for blood clotting

Arrhythmias

abnormal heart rhythms caused by problems with the heart's electrical system

Lymphatic system and circulatory system

work together to remove waste and excess fluid from the tissues

Lymphatic vessels

vessels that join to form lymphatic trunks

Lymph nodes

small organs that range in size from a pinhead to that of an almond

Thymus gland

a mass of lymph tissue located in the center of the upper chest

Pituitary gland

the "master" gland of the body

Hard palate

the structure that separates the mouth from the nasal cavities

Saliva

contains salivary amylase, which starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates/sugars

Rugae

ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ, found in the stomach

Small intestine

A long tube in the digestive system, about 20 feet long, that receives food from the stomach as chyme.

Large intestine

A tube in the digestive system, about 5 feet long, responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from undigested food.

Alimentary canal

A long muscular tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Liver

The largest gland in the body, responsible for producing bile, detoxifying harmful substances, and storing nutrients.

Bolus

A mass of food that is chewed and mixed with saliva before being swallowed.

Uvula

A small, fleshy structure at the back of the throat that prevents food from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing.

Cortex of the kidney

The outer region of the kidney that contains most of the nephrons, which are the microscopic filtering units of the kidney.

Renal arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood to the kidneys for filtration.

Glomerulus

A network of capillaries in the kidney where water, sugar, and metabolic products are filtered out of the blood.

Convoluted tubules

Tubular structures in the kidney where substances needed by the body are reabsorbed from the filtered materials.

Epididymis

A coiled tube located on the back of each testicle where sperm are stored until they are mature and motile.

Circumcision

A surgical procedure that involves the removal of the prepuce, the fold of skin covering the tip of the penis.

Fimbriae

Fingerlike projections on the fallopian tubes that help guide the released egg into the tube.