Modernity and war: 1894-1914

Who discovered radium? In what year?

Marie Curie discovered in 1902

Max Planck did what theory in what year? It challanged whose theories?

quantum theory in 1900, challenged Issac Newton

In 1915 what was Albert Einstein’s theory?

space and time are relative to the observer, rather than absolute

Who held that society's embrace of the rational had stunted human potential?

Friedrich Nietzsche

How was this idea followed?

abandoning Christianity and giving free rein to emotion and instinct, one could become a superhuman

What was Sigmund Freud ideas on the human mind research called? What is it?

psychoanalysis: human behavior is controlled by repressed experiences that can be resolved only through the analysis of subconscious memories

Herbert Spencer argued that social progress was a result of the What?

"struggle for survival”

Who would use Spencer's ideas to justify nationalist and racist agendas?

extremists

Who was a French novelist? What literary movement did they lead?

Émile Zola led the Naturalism movement

What was the Naturalism movement?

portrayed characters caught up in social forces beyond their control

Which movement in France, rejected the goal, set during the Renaissance, of rendering reality?

The Impressionist movement

Which people embraced nature and worked to capture the appearance of changing light and fleeting moments?

Impressionists

who’s the best-known Impressionists, spent a lifetime painting the same haystacks and seacoast and water lilies in different light.

Claude Monet

In 1880s which two artists formed a new movement, Post-Impressionism?

Paul Cézanne and Vincent Van Gogh

art broke with realism as what got popular?

photography

Pablo Picasso created a unique form of art known as What?

Cubism

What is Cubism?

reality is viewed from various vantage points and rendered in geometric design forms.

The working class turned to what? to represent its needs. What did the right-wing nationalists turned to?

The working class turned to socialism and the right-wing nationalist turned to racism

what do you call people who began to push for voting rights as early as the 1840s?

Feminist

Who was a feminist that turned to radical methods?

Emmeline Pankhurst

Who experienced antiSemitism at the end of the century? What two countries exploited it?

European Jews, Germany and Austria

What is social Darwinism?

encouraged efforts to deny Jews rights

Jews faced what? Where did they emigrate to?

pogroms (organized massacres), United States, Canada, and Palestine

In Palestine who led a nationalist movement, Zionism? What did it do?

Theodor Herz, it was to establish a Jewish state in the Middle East

Where was there a resistance to the republican desire for a more democratic society, by what people/thing?

In France, by the army, royalists, and the church.

Who was a Jewish army officer that was accused of selling army secrets, when was he found guilty

Alfred Dreyfus, was found guilty in 1895

Who was the Russian minister of finance?what was his main focus?

Sergei Witte, the expansion of railroads.

By what year did Russia become the what # largest producer of steel?

By 1900 Russia became the 4th largest producer of steel

radical working class began to embrace what? socialists began advocating for What?

Radical working class embraced socialism and socialist advocated terrorism.

In what year did Russia go to war with Japan over territorial expansion in the Far East? Who won?

1904, Japan won

What was the date that In St. Petersburg , workers marched to the Winter Palace to present the tsar with a list of grievances?

January 1905, marched to the winter palace

After the revolts from workers, peasants, and the middle class what Tsar issued what?, granting civil liberties and increasing the political franchise?

Tsar Nicholas II issued the the October Manifesto

governments used what to distract attention from the unrest at home? "new imperialism" included What?

imperialist gains, included Social Darwinism,

What was the quote for a racist justification of imperialism, held that the white man had a moral duty to take his superior culture to the inferior native?

"white man's burden"

The British started to confronted which two people in South African? When did they go to war? Who won?

native Zulus but also Dutch colonists called Boers, war in 1899, British won

By 1890 what were the nations that joined the "Scramble for Africa”

Portugal, France, Italy, and Belgium

In 1857, what Company faced a revolt by native Indian soldiers serving with the British army?

British East India Company

Who killed over how many English women and children? Who became empress of India?

Sepoys killed over 200, Queen Victoria

The French were in the what? the Dutch were in what? the Americans were in the what?

French in south east Asia Dutch in Indonesia, German in South Pacific Islands.

What state managed to avoid being colonized and later became a colonial power when did it annex what country in what year?

Japan, annexed Korea in 1910

When did China decline? The British gained what in 1842?

The 19th century, gained Hong Kong

Rebellion began in 1900 That was an attempt to force all foreigners out of China?

The boxer rebellion

After government missionaries were killed in army of what six troops put down the revolt? To demand what?

Army of British, British French German, Russian, American and Japanese troops, demanded further concessions from the weekend, Chinese rulers

When was the Republic of China created?

1912

The decline of our Empire upset the balance of power? Which two countries were interested in controlling Ottoman territory?

The Ottoman Empire, Russia and Austria

To reduce Russian influence, Bismark negotiated the what alliance? Which emperor Dismiss Bismarck in 1890 to keep Europe from war?

Triple alliance 1882, Amber William II

Was served ties with Russian and made an alliance with France that then threatened Britain? Then formed what alliance with France and Russia

The kaiser, The triple Entente

Where nationalism in Austria they wanted control over what type of territory? Want to places that Austria annex?

Slavic speaking territory, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Russia encouraged what people to go to war with Austria? And what year was the point of national pride?

Serbs, 1914