1. Common Diagnoses

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards summarizing key orthopedic, neurologic, and systemic conditions, surgical techniques, postoperative precautions, and related terminology from the lecture notes.

Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty

Shoulder replacement that swaps ball-and-socket positions to give the deltoid a mechanical advantage; preferred when rotator-cuff tears are irreparable.

Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (TSA)

Standard shoulder replacement in which the humeral head and glenoid surface are resurfaced with anatomic components.

Rotator-Cuff (RTC) Tear

Disruption of one or more tendons of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, or subscapularis, often leading to weakness and pain.

Hemi-arthroplasty

Joint replacement in which only one articular surface (e.g., femoral head) is substituted with a prosthesis.

Bone Cement (Polymethyl-methacrylate, PMMA)

Acrylic compound used to anchor implants to bone, allowing early weight bearing but carrying risks such as embolic events.

Cementless (Press-fit) Fixation

Implant anchoring technique that relies on bone ingrowth; avoids cement complications but raises periprosthetic-fracture risk.

Posterior / Posterolateral Approach (Hip)

THA incision leaving gluteus medius intact; easy exposure but highest postoperative dislocation rate.

Anterolateral Approach (Hip)

THA route detaching hip abductors; yields excellent stability yet initial gait weakness due to abductor repair.

Anterior Approach (Hip)

Muscle-sparing THA incision between sartorius and TFL; minimal detachment but limited surgical visualization.

Non-Weight Bearing (NWB)

No weight permitted through the operated limb during ambulation.

Partial Weight Bearing (PWB)

Restricted loading, expressed as a percentage of body weight (e.g., 50 %).

Weight Bearing As Tolerated (WBAT)

Patient may load the limb according to pain tolerance without a specific limit.

Full Weight Bearing (FWB)

No load restrictions; patient may place 100 % body weight on the limb.

Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA)

Replacement of both the femoral head and acetabulum with prosthetic components.

Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF)

Surgical realignment of a fracture followed by internal hardware stabilization (plates, screws, nails).

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Progressive lung disorder (includes emphysema & chronic bronchitis) characterized by airflow limitation and hyperinflation.

Asthma

Reversible airway hyper-reactivity causing wheezing, dyspnea, and coughing.

Chronic Bronchitis

COPD subtype with productive cough ≥ 3 months per year for 2 consecutive years due to airway inflammation.

Emphysema

Destruction of alveolar walls leading to enlarged air spaces and diminished elastic recoil.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS characterized by sclerotic plaques and variable neurologic deficits.

Demyelination

Loss of the myelin sheath around neurons, impairing nerve conduction.

Ischemic Stroke

Brain infarction due to reduced blood flow; subdivided into thrombotic and embolic types.

Thrombotic Stroke

Ischemic event caused by a clot forming within a cerebral artery.

Embolic Stroke

Ischemic event from a clot generated elsewhere (e.g., heart) that lodges in cerebral circulation.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Bleeding into brain tissue or subarachnoid space producing cellular injury and mass effect.

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Brief neurologic deficit from temporary cerebral ischemia without permanent infarction; often called a mini-stroke.

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Generic term for stroke—sudden loss of brain function from disrupted blood supply.

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Traumatic or disease-related insult to the spinal cord resulting in motor, sensory, and autonomic deficits below the lesion.

Tetraplegia

Paralysis of all four limbs due to cervical spinal cord injury (e.g., C4 or C6 lesion).

Paraplegia

Motor and/or sensory impairment of the trunk and lower limbs, typically from thoracic or lumbar SCI.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Brain dysfunction caused by external mechanical force such as impact, acceleration, or penetration.

Anoxic Brain Injury

Global cerebral damage resulting from prolonged lack of oxygen (e.g., cardiac arrest).

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

Non-progressive motor disorder originating from early brain injury, causing impaired movement and posture.

Amputation

Surgical or traumatic loss of a limb or limb segment.

Transtibial Amputation (BKA)

Removal of the lower limb below the knee joint, preserving the femur.

Transfemoral Amputation (AKA)

Lower-limb loss above the knee joint, requiring prosthetic knee component.

Transhumeral Amputation

Upper-limb loss above the elbow joint.

Transradial Amputation

Upper-limb loss below the elbow joint.

Phantom Limb Pain

Perception of pain in an amputated body part.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Chronic metabolic disorder of hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance.

Hyperglycemia

Excess blood glucose causing polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and long-term organ damage.

End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

Permanent kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation for survival.

Dialysis

Mechanical process that filters waste, balances electrolytes, and removes excess fluid in renal failure.

Posteroperative Hip Precautions (Posterolateral THA)

Avoid hip flexion > 90°, adduction past midline, and internal rotation to reduce dislocation risk.

Rolling Walker

Assistive device with two front wheels, commonly prescribed immediately after hip ORIF for enhanced stability.

Periprosthetic Fracture

Bone break occurring around an orthopedic implant, often associated with cementless fixation.

Osteolysis

Bone resorption around a prosthesis, historically attributed to cement debris but also caused by polyethylene wear.

Gluteus Medius

Primary hip abductor muscle preserved in posterior THA but detached in anterolateral approach.

Assistive Device

Equipment such as canes, crutches, or walkers used to enhance mobility and safety after orthopedic surgery.