Psych test

Human Development

Human Development

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death

Longitudinal Design

Research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time

Cross

sectional Design

Cross

Sequential Design

Cohort Effect

The impact on development occurring when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience

Nature

The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

Nurture

The influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions. Genetics, The science of inherited traits

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism

Gene

Section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements

Chromosome

Tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA

Dominant

Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait

Recessive

Referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene. Ovum, The female sex cell, or egg

Sperm

The male sex cell

Fertilization

The union of the ovum and sperm

Zygote

Cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm

Monozygotic Twins

Identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo. dizygotic twins often called fraternal twins, occurring when two individual eggs get fertilized by separate sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time. bioethics the study of ethical and moral issues brought about by new advances in biology and medicine. Germinal Period, First 2 weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining

Embryo

Name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization

Embryonic Period

The period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop

Critical Periods

Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant

Teratogen

Any factor that can cause a birth defect

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs)

A group of possible conditions caused by a mother consuming alcohol during pregnancy, in which a combination of physical, mental, and behavioral problems may be present.

Critical Periods

Times during which certain environmental influences can have a significant impact on infant development

Structural development of limbs

3 to 8 weeks

Heart

Most affected early in the period (2 to 6 weeks)

Central Nervous System

Susceptible to problems during 2 to 5 weeks

Eyes

Vulnerable during 3 to 8 weeks

Teeth and Roof of the Mouth

Prone to issues around 7 to 12 weeks

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella

Increased chance of neural tube defects

Blindness, deafness, heart defects, brain damage

Facial, ear, central nervous system, and heart defects

Marijuana

Decreased height, low birth weight, respiratory problems, seizures, learning difficulties

infant is difficult to soothe

Cocaine

Miscarriage, low birth weight

Alcohol

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs)

Nicotine

Miscarriage, low birth weight, stillbirth, short stature, intellectual disability, learning disabilities

Mercury

Intellectual disability, blindness

Vitamin A (high doses)

Brain swelling, spinal abnormalities, deafness, blindness, intellectual disability

Caffeine

Increased chance of neural tube defects

Toxoplasmosis

Miscarriage, low birth weight

High Water Temperatures

Irritability, nervousness, tremors

infant is easily disturbed, startled

fetal period

the time from about 8 weeks after con

fetus

name for the developing organism from 8 weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby

synaptic pruning

The development of the infant brain after birth, synaptic pruning, involves a necessary loss of neurons, as unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared away to make way for functioning connections and cells

Developed parts of baby

Less developed parts of baby

Because infants prefer to look at faces as a source of stimuli..

Babies are likelier to form emotional connection

Schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information, forms and evolves thru experiences

cognitive development

the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory

Jean Piaget

four

two basic processes (assimilation and accommodation) work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth

Sensorimotor Stage age range

0

Preoperational age range

2

Concrete Operations

7

Formal operations age range

12 years to adulthood

Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete Operations

12 years to adulthood

People at this stage can use abstract reasoning about hypothetical events or situations

egocentrism

the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes, assumes what they want is what others want

centration

in Piaget's theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features

conservation

in Piaget's theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature.

irreversibility

the inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action

formal operation

hypothetic/deductive reasoning, describes abstract concepts and ideas. thoughts about possibilites and impossibilities

scaffolding

process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reduc

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

psychosocial development

pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships

easy babies

adjusted readily to new situations, quickly established daily routines such as sleeping and eating, and generally were cheerful in mood and easy to calm

attachment

an emotional tie with another person

shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. Forms 6 months in.

Types of Attachment

secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized

Secure

Feel safe when mother comes back, upset when mom leaves due to missing her

Avoidant

Avoided talking to stranger of mother, no interest or concern.

Ambivalent

mixed feelings, wanted mother when they left, avoided mom once she was there

disorganized

disorriented

temperament may determine..

response of mother to baby, affecting attachment

self concept

our understanding and evaluation of who we are

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feeling of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

Autonomy

Person feels confident and begins to have a sense of independence.

Despair

Feelings of isolation and loneliness.

Doubt

Feelings of being inferior and incapable arise.

Generativity vs. Self

Absorption

Generativity

Having children whom they nurture and/or helping the next generation.

Guilt

Child may become passive because of feeling guilty.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.

Identity

Strong identity is formed

Industry vs. Inferiority

Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feeling of inferiority.

Industry

"I can" outlook on life develops while creating a positive attitude towards him or herself.

inferiority

Children may doubt their abilities.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this state leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.

Initiative

Children will continue to be curious in the future.

Integrity vs. Despair

Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this state leads to a feeling of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.

Integrity

Looks back at life with acceptance and satisfaction

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.

Intimacy

Ability to form close, committed relationships with others.

Isolation

Wishes they could live life over again

Mistrust

Person may have trouble developing relationships because of insecurity, mistrust, and suspiciousness.

Role Confusion

Causes a constant search for acceptance and a feeling of belonging. Unsure who they are and where they are going.

Self

Absorption

Trust vs. Mistrust

Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.