APUSH College Board S2 Final

The concerns Addams raises in the excerpt were most directly a reaction to which of the following?

A

Social injustice and rising economic inequality

B

The expansion of government regulation of corporations

C

The transformation of rural society by mechanized agriculture

D

Fears about the growing number of immigrants in the United States

Social injustice and rising economic inequality

The ideas expressed in the excerpt (Addams) most clearly reflect the ideals of which of the following?

A

Progressivism

B

Conservatism

C

Expansionism

D

States' rights

Progressivism

Which of the following would have been most likely to support the sentiments expressed by Addams in the excerpt?

A

Know-Nothings

B

Machine politicians

C

Southern Democrats

D

Settlement house workers

Settlement house workers

The advertisement (Levittown) best provides evidence for which of the following developments in the 1950s?

A

The increase in homogeneity in postwar society

B

The efforts by civil rights activists to oppose segregation

C

The rejection by some artists and intellectuals of mass culture

D

The spread of fear of communist infiltration of the federal government

The increase in homogeneity in postwar society

The ideas in the advertisement (Levittown) most likely had limited appeal for which of the following groups?

A

Marketers and salespeople

B

Married homemakers and parents

C

Managers and professionals employed by corporations

D

Rebellious young people uncomfortable with conformity

Rebellious young people uncomfortable with conformity

Which of the following best explains a limitation of the incentives expressed in the advertisement (Levittown)?

A

Many new suburban housing developments of the 1950s practiced racial segregation.

B

Many middle-class families could not afford to buy homes in new suburban developments in the 1950s.

C

Many new suburban housing developments of the 1950s restricted access by age.

D

Many middle-class families preferred to live in cities in the 1950s.

Many new suburban housing developments of the 1950s practiced racial segregation.

The ideas expressed in the advertisement (Levitttown) overlook which of the following contexts that allowed for the expansion of new suburban housing developments in the 1950s?

A

The sharp increase in birth rates after the war

B

The reliance on new roads and highways

C

The growth of income for middle-class families

D

The appeal of modern amenities to consumers

The reliance on new roads and highways

Which of the following best explains an effect of the events described in the excerpt?

A

African Americans increasingly moved away from urban areas.

B

New forms of expression emerged in African American art and culture.

C

Support by African Americans for New Deal policies declined.

D

African American socioeconomic standing improved overall.

African American socioeconomic standing improved overall.

Which of the following is a difference between White's and Hahn's claims in the excerpts about how American Indian societies changed in the late 1800s?

A

White claims that reservations reduced American Indian autonomy from the United States, while Hahn claims reservations could be used to resist federal encroachment.

B

White argues that federal supervision of American Indians decreased, while Hahn argues that the United States came to control all aspects of their lives on reservations.

C

White asserts that American Indians came to be governed directly by the United States, while Hahn asserts that they remained outside the jurisdiction of the United States.

D

White contends that American Indians retained possession of much land, while Hahn contends that they lost possession of most of their land to United States settlers.

White claims that reservations reduced American Indian autonomy from the United States, while Hahn claims reservations could be used to resist federal encroachment.

The methods used to express the ideas in the public service announcements have the most in common with those of female activists who

A

participated in the Second Great Awakening

B

engaged in Progressive Era reform movements

C

advocated on behalf of the Fourteenth Amendment

D

promoted the ideal of republican motherhood

engaged in Progressive Era reform movements

Throughout United States history, which of the following groups most typically opposed the perspectives expressed in the public service announcements?

A

Urban political leaders

B

Advocates for greater economic equality

C

Members of organized labor unions

D

Business executives concerned about economic growth

Business executives concerned about economic growth

The perspectives expressed in the public service announcements suggest that popular interest in environmental issues such as smog control emerged most directly from

A

growing concerns about population pressures in major industrial cities

B

a greater awareness of the impacts of abuses of natural resources

C

the heightened atmosphere of crisis caused by price inflation and a stagnant economy

D

the expansion of suburbs, which was allowing middle-class residents to move out of cities

a greater awareness of the impacts of abuses of natural resources

Which of the following was a long-term reaction to the actions of the youth addressed in the excerpt?

A

The establishment of organizations to address environmental concerns

B

The expansion of United States military involvement in Southeast Asia

C

The rejection of nonviolent tactics by the majority of civil rights groups

D

The emergence of a conservative backlash against perceived cultural decline

The emergence of a conservative backlash against perceived cultural decline

The historical development described in the excerpt can best be explained by which of the following related developments?

A

The decrease in the number of people going to colleges and universities

B

The creation of a movement to stop federal desegregation efforts

C

The persistence of economic and racial disparity in the United States

D

The reduced concern about the threat of Soviet influence in the United States

The persistence of economic and racial disparity in the United States

The sentiments expressed in the excerpt are best explained in connection to which of the following broader developments during the period?

A

Rising influence of evangelical Christian political organizations

B

A widening political and cultural gap between young people and earlier generations

C

Growing support for suburbanization and for having large, nuclear families

D

Increasing calls for the United States to take a more aggressive stance against immigration

A widening political and cultural gap between young people and earlier generations

Which of the following contributed most to the process described in the excerpt?

A

The industrialization of urban areas in the Northeast

B

The building of new roads and canals

C

Increased immigration from eastern Europe

D

Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land

Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land

The settlement pattern described in the excerpt was most similar to earlier settlement patterns in that it was

A

discouraged by the federal government through legislation

B

motivated largely by the desire to expand Protestant Christianity

C

accompanied by conflict with American Indians over landownership

D

the source of political divisions over the expansion of slavery

accompanied by conflict with American Indians over landownership

Which of the following was a long-term result of the developments described in the excerpt?

A

The growth of political tensions between the United States and Mexico

B

A conflict with Great Britain over the northern border of the United States

C

A large-scale African American migration to the region

D

The creation of farmers' groups to resist corporate control of agricultural markets

The creation of farmers' groups to resist corporate control of agricultural markets

Beveridge's speech was written in the context of

A

war with Great Britain during the James Madison administration

B

efforts to gain concessions from Mexico through conflict

C

debates in the aftermath of war with Spain

D

the decision to avoid war with France during the John Adams administration

debates in the aftermath of war with Spain

Beveridge's ideas in the excerpt best support which of the following positions commonly expressed at the time?

A

Mexico and Canada have no right to question or check United States expansion.

B

The right of the United States to assert power over foreign lands is God given.

C

The United States foreign policy has always been isolationist and reluctant to intervene abroad.

D

A smaller federal government was necessary to face the foreign policy challenges of the twentieth century.

The right of the United States to assert power over foreign lands is God given.

Based on the excerpt, Beveridge would have most likely opposed which of the following?

A

Senator Henry Dawes's program to reform American Indian policy through forced assimilation

B

Antiexpansionist groups that advocated Filipino independence

C

The Chinese Exclusion Act and limits on immigration

D

The doctrine of survival of the fittest as applied to society

Antiexpansionist groups that advocated Filipino independence

The opinions expressed in the excerpt are most similar to those of the American Indian Movement in that both groups

A

believed that the United States should not be involved in foreign wars or other entanglements

B

asserted that state and local governments should have more power than the United States government

C

argued that the United States had a responsibility to provide compensation for past injustices

D

claimed that the United States had a responsibility to enact laws to limit environmental pollution

argued that the United States had a responsibility to provide compensation for past injustices

The sentiments expressed in the excerpt best reflect which of the following divisions within the Civil Rights movement?

A

Optimism among White people in the United States that racial discrimination was being eliminated

B

Growing support among young activists in the Civil Rights movement for nonviolent protest

C

Frustrations among Civil Rights activists that social and political change was not occurring fast enough

D

Tensions within the federal government over the best way to combat communist influence in Civil Rights movements

Frustrations among Civil Rights activists that social and political change was not occurring fast enough

In which of the following ways did public attitudes toward the Civil Rights movement change as a result of sentiments such as those expressed in the excerpt?

A

White approval declined as a result of the perception that aggressive policies like those of the Black Panthers resulted in urban unrest.

B

Liberal feminists adopted the tactics of the Black Panthers in order to increase the influence of their movement.

C

Young people increasingly rejected the platform of the Black Panthers in favor of nonviolent tactics.

D

The federal government responded by enacting social welfare programs favored by the Black Panthers.

White approval declined as a result of the perception that aggressive policies like those of the Black Panthers resulted in urban unrest.

Which of the following changes to the United States during the nineteenth century most directly contributed to the development depicted in the image?

A

The rapid growth of cities

B

The dismantling of the national bank

C

The acquisition of territory in the West

D

The rise of the People's (Populist) Party

The rapid growth of cities

During the late nineteenth century, politicians such as the one depicted in the image most likely would have opposed which of the following?

A

Social services provided to immigrants by local politicians

B

Granting American Indians full citizenship and voting rights

C

The expansion of the transcontinental railroad system

D

Calls for reforms to local and state governments

Calls for reforms to local and state governments

The image was created most directly in response to

A

social reform efforts by settlement-house workers

B

poll taxes and literacy tests that blocked African Americans from voting

C

the power gained by urban political machines

D

the exclusion of women from voting

the power gained by urban political machines

The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century?

A

The end of the Spanish-American War

B

Westward expansion

C

The booming internal slave trade

D

Increased manufacturing

Westward expansion

Which of the following events best represents a continuity of the sentiments expressed by Senator Calhoun in the speech?

A

The United States rejection of membership in the League of Nations

B

Support for assimilationist policies in the 1880s and 1890s

C

The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

D

The Great Migration of African Americans out of the South in the 1910s

The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

Based on the excerpt, Calhoun would also be most likely to support which of the following?

A

Proslavery arguments

B

Policies favoring immigration

C

Expanded United States federal authority

D

United States sale of disputed territory

Proslavery arguments

Which of the following resulted most directly from the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

A

The redirection of federal funding from urban social programs to the Vietnam War

B

Building sentiment among Civil Rights activists for the use of passive resistance and peaceful protest

C

Intensification of political and cultural debates over changes in African American family structures

D

Growing opposition among Civil Rights activists to Democratic political leaders who supported the status quo

Growing opposition among Civil Rights activists to Democratic political leaders who supported the status quo

The ideas expressed in the excerpt could best be used to support which of the following perspectives at the time?

A

Violence is the best means for African Americans to change their status.

B

Integration should be rejected as the primary goal of the African American rights movement.

C

Separatism would not help African Americans achieve a more powerful political voice.

D

Economic inequality accounts for the persistence of racial discrimination.

Integration should be rejected as the primary goal of the African American rights movement.

The ideas expressed in the excerpt arose most directly in reaction to which of the following?

A

A Supreme Court decision that ordered the desegregation of public schools

B

Persecution of African American labor union organizers during the Red Scare

C

Discrimination and disenfranchisement that continued despite legislative gains

D

An increase in conservative political activism by Black evangelical churches

Discrimination and disenfranchisement that continued despite legislative gains

The excerpt best serves as evidence for which of the following developments in the late 1800s?

A

The impact of the construction of transcontinental railroads on United States commerce

B

The growing support for labor unions among the owners of corporations

C

The emergence of arguments that wealthy people had a moral obligation to help society

D

The decline of urban centers as immigrant populations moved westward

The emergence of arguments that wealthy people had a moral obligation to help society

Which of the following can best be concluded about the late 1800s based on the situation in which the excerpt was produced?

A

Industrialists focused on establishing international markets for their products.

B

People debated the best means for expanding educational opportunities.

C

Politicians argued about whether to increase taxes on people with wealth.

D

Workers supported the consolidation of businesses into corporations.

People debated the best means for expanding educational opportunities.

Which of the following groups was LEAST likely to have contributed to the trend in Chicago's population from 1890 to 1940 ?

A

African American migrants from the southern United States

B

Immigrants from eastern and southern Europe

C

Immigrants from northern and western Europe

D

Immigrants from eastern and southern Asia

Immigrants from eastern and southern Asia

Which of the following factors most likely contributed to the trend in Chicago's population from 1890 to 1940 ?

A

Increasing birth rates

B

Job opportunities in industry

C

The promise of religious freedom

D

Growing employment in agriculture

Job opportunities in industry

Which of the following factors was most likely responsible for the change in Chicago's population from 1950 to 1990 ?

A

Migration to the suburbs and surrounding regions

B

Federal policies discouraging immigration

C

Decreasing birth rates among city dwellers

D

Continued racial discrimination in urban public housing

Migration to the suburbs and surrounding regions

One effect of the population changes that occurred nationwide from 1950 to 1990 was the

A

decreased economic influence of immigrants on United States society

B

decreased economic importance of the Pacific Northwest

C

increased economic importance of the Northeast

D

increased economic influence of the South and West

increased economic influence of the South and West

The decision guaranteeing the rights of Mexican Americans to serve on juries most directly resulted from which of the following historical processes during this period?

A

The utilization of strikes to demand increased compensation

B

The effort to identify suspected communists in the federal government

C

The expansion of social welfare programs by the federal government

D

The use of court challenges to obtain legal reforms

The use of court challenges to obtain legal reforms

Mexican American activism in the 1950s and 1960s was most directly inspired by which of the following?

A

The tactics and goals of the African American Civil Rights movement

B

The emergence of evangelical Christian political activism

C

The arguments made by conservatives about the role of the federal government

D

The public reaction against antiwar protesters

The tactics and goals of the African American Civil Rights movement

Which of the following most directly contributed to the emergence of Mexican American activism in the 1950s and 1960s?

A

Decreased demand for agricultural labor in the Southwest

B

Changing immigration policies and patterns

C

Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965

D

Enactment of Great Society social programs

Changing immigration policies and patterns

The excerpts best support which of the following arguments about postwar United States foreign policy?

A

Some Americans called for the United States to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union.

B

Fear of Soviet expansion led to greater United States international involvement.

C

The United States sought to recolonize countries that had gained independence.

D

Many Americans opposed the creation of new alliances in Europe.

Fear of Soviet expansion led to greater United States international involvement.

Which of the following best describes a difference between Eisenhower's and Kennedy's arguments in the excerpts?

A

Eisenhower believed that the United States should invade communist countries, while Kennedy believed that the United States should establish peaceful relations with communist countries.

B

Eisenhower claimed that communism posed no threat to the United States, while Kennedy claimed that communism was a danger to the United States.

C

Kennedy called for an increase in spending on national defense, while Eisenhower cautioned against the effect of defense spending on democratic government.

D

Kennedy asserted that overseas allies were dispensable in the fight against communism, while Eisenhower warned that overseas allies were necessary to oppose communist aggression.

Kennedy called for an increase in spending on national defense, while Eisenhower cautioned against the effect of defense spending on democratic government.

Which of the following was a similarity between Eisenhower's and Kennedy's arguments in the excerpts?

A

Both claimed that defense policy could threaten liberty at home.

B

Both declared that the United States had lost international influence.

C

Both called for an increase in spending on military weapons and supplies.

D

Both asserted that communism was a threat to the United States national security.

Both asserted that communism was a threat to the United States national security.

Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances illustrated by the image?

A

The United States victory in the Spanish-American War

B

The Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson

C

The United States contributions to the Allied victory in the First World War

D

The ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution

The United States victory in the Spanish-American War

The developments referenced by the image most directly contributed to United States involvement in

A

competition with Russia in opening trade with Japan

B

the suppression of an independence movement in the Philippines

C

acquisition of territory from Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

D

an international monetary system that supported free trade between nations

the suppression of an independence movement in the Philippines

The ideas expressed through the image reveal that in 1901, which of the following was most true of the United States?

A

Theories of survival of the fittest had been widely rejected by the public.

B

Efforts to spread democracy overseas had been largely peaceful.

C

Interventionism had become a more prevalent feature of foreign policy.

D

Women were encouraged to join the armed forces.

Interventionism had become a more prevalent feature of foreign policy.

The ideas addressed in the image most directly relate to

A

opposition to the United States collective security arrangement with Western Europe

B

the fear of increased militarism among European and Pacific powers

C

the increased visibility of women's organizations that criticized imperialism

D

debates about United States acquisition of overseas territories

debates about United States acquisition of overseas territories

The development depicted in the excerpt had most in common with which of the following earlier developments?

A

The passage of land reforms during the Civil War

B

The expansion of the telegraph system during the Gilded Age

C

The enactment of moral reform legislation during the Progressive Era

D

The efforts to mobilize popular support for the First World War

The expansion of the telegraph system during the Gilded Age

Which of the following contexts helps to explain the debate in which La Follette was participating in the excerpt?

A

Some Americans opposed the launching of imperial ventures for overseas colonies.

B

International conflict led to disagreements over the role of the United States in the world.

C

The earlier military victory in the Spanish-American War made the United States a leading global superpower.

D

The repeated episodes of economic crisis caused by credit and market instability limited United States international influence.

International conflict led to disagreements over the role of the United States in the world.

Which of the following best describes a similarity between the arguments made by Rossinow and Berman in the excerpts?

A

Voters' increased approval for liberal programs changed Republican tactics.

B

Debates over foreign policy caused a split within the Democratic Party.

C

Conservatism had a widespread impact beyond the election of Reagan.

D

A defiant Soviet Union tested the strength of the United States military.

Conservatism had a widespread impact beyond the election of Reagan.

Which of the following claims is supported by the arguments made by both Rossinow and Berman?

A

Evangelical support for liberal social policies expanded during the 1980s.

B

Supporters of the Democratic Party pushed initiatives to increase taxes.

C

Conservative supporters wanted Reagan to expand the power of the federal government.

D

The influence of cultural debates persisted throughout politics in the 1980s.

The influence of cultural debates persisted throughout politics in the 1980s.

Which of the following describes a difference between the arguments made by Rossinow and Berman in the excerpts?

A

Rossinow argues that the public was skeptical of the new conservative consensus, while Berman argues that conservative policies were widely supported.

B

Berman focuses on the economic factors that contributed to Reagan's election, while Rossinow focuses on the creation of social consensus as strengthening conservative political power.

C

Rossinow argues that Democrats rejected liberal economic programs to stay in power, while Berman argues that Democratic support for social programs strengthened in the 1980s.

D

Berman focuses on Reagan's rejection of policies that increased government spending, while Rossinow focuses on Reagan's efforts to strengthen support for military projects.

Berman focuses on the economic factors that contributed to Reagan's election, while Rossinow focuses on the creation of social consensus as strengthening conservative political power.

Which of the following contributed to Hubert's criticism in the excerpt of White Americans who visited Harlem in the 1920s?

A

The inability of African American artists to influence popular culture

B

Ongoing public debates over how to improve race relations

C

Opposition to recruiting African American soldiers for the United States Army

D

Racial restrictions on the freedom of speech imposed during the First World War

Ongoing public debates over how to improve race relations

Which of the following explanations for United States foreign policy debates after September 11, 2001, could the situation described in the excerpt best be used to support?

A

Some people asserted that the United States should return to isolationism.

B

The national security efforts to prevent terrorism were controversial.

C

The decision to go to war in Iraq deeply divided the American people.

D

Some people argued that fossil fuel dependence undercut national security.

The national security efforts to prevent terrorism were controversial.

The ideas expressed in the excerpt are most strongly situated within which of the following contexts?

A

The resistance to providing international humanitarian aid following environmental crises

B

The reaction against the signing of international free-trade agreements

C

The continuation of interventionist foreign policies following the end of the Cold War

D

The impact of global economic challenges as a result of banking failures

The continuation of interventionist foreign policies following the end of the Cold War

The purpose of the excerpt could best be used to support which of the following explanations for why policies used to combat terrorism were controversial?

A

Some Americans sought to use new technologies to combat terrorism.

B

Some Americans believed that terrorism had no effect on United States domestic policy.

C

Some Americans saw Cold War policies as providing insight into how to prevent current terrorist actions.

D

Some Americans worried that the freedoms of United States citizens might be violated by the efforts to stop terrorism.

Some Americans worried that the freedoms of United States citizens might be violated by the efforts to stop terrorism.

Which of the following best explains a conclusion supported by the point of view expressed in the excerpt?

A

Terrorism challenged national security agencies.

B

Terrorism justified changes to immigration policies.

C

Terrorism limited international economic growth.

D

Terrorism undermined United States military alliances.

Terrorism challenged national security agencies.

Members of which of the following groups would have been most likely to agree with the perspective expressed by Coolidge in the excerpt?

A

Business executives

B

Farm laborers

C

Industrial workers

D

Recent immigrants

Business executives

In the excerpt, Coolidge was reacting most directly against

A

Progressive efforts to regulate the economy

B

the consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies

C

conspicuous consumption by some segments of society

D

the promotion of laissez-faire economic policies

Progressive efforts to regulate the economy

The ideas expressed in the excerpt by Coolidge were most similar to the ideas of which of the following?

A

Anti-imperialists in the 1890s

B

New Dealers in the 1930s

C

Great Society supporters in the 1960s

D

New conservatives in the 1980s

New conservatives in the 1980s

In the decades following the Civil War, the woman's rights movement that began at Seneca Falls focused its energies most strongly on

A

achieving the right to vote

B

receiving equal pay for equal work

C

ending domestic violence

D

gaining equal access to higher education

achieving the right to vote

The excerpt could best be used as evidence by historians studying which of the following?

A

The expansion of suburbs

B

The decline of the Red Scare

C

The emergence of the Soviet Union

D

The development of a counterculture movement

The decline of the Red Scare

Senator Joseph McCarthy's actions, as described in the excerpt, were most likely interpreted at the time as a reaction to which of the following historical situations?

A

Challenges to New Deal economic policies

B

Creation of the interstate highway system

C

Expansion of the size of the military

D

Perceptions of expanding foreign influence

Perceptions of expanding foreign influence

Rhetoric in the excerpt would most likely have been interpreted as promoting which of the following policies?

A

Preventing members of the Communist Party from running for office

B

Supporting regimes in Korea and Vietnam against communist influence

C

Rejecting tactics used to expose alleged communists in the government

D

Establishing the diplomatic strategy of détente with communist nations

Rejecting tactics used to expose alleged communists in the government

Which of the following contexts most directly contributed to the trend in immigration described in the first paragraph of the excerpt?

A

The passage of Progressive Era reforms that expanded participatory democracy

B

The enactment of laws to preserve territory and protect natural resources from development

C

The establishment of overseas colonies following the Spanish-American War

D

The continued transition of the United States from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy

The continued transition of the United States from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy

The excerpt would be of limited use to a historian seeking to explain the political position common in the 1990s that the United States should

A

help immigrants affected by international crises

B

recruit immigrant laborers for agricultural work

C

reduce the influence of new immigrant cultures

D

celebrate the diversity created by immigration

reduce the influence of new immigrant cultures

The fact that a former British prime minister expressed the ideas in the excerpt to an audience in the United States helped promote which of the following?

A

United States support for British efforts to retain its colonial empire

B

A greater United States willingness to share nuclear weapons with Britain

C

A decision by the United States to withdraw troops from Japan in order to better protect Europe

D

The participation of both Britain and the United States in an international collective security system

The participation of both Britain and the United States in an international collective security system

A key significance of Churchill's purpose in the excerpt was that it helped prompt the United States to

A

promise financial aid to veterans returning from the Second World War, promoting economic growth

B

eliminate many earlier barriers to immigration, allowing postwar refugees to enter the country

C

provide financial support to democratic nations in Western Europe to help restore a market economy

D

restrict the power of labor unions in the United States to help protect the country from communist influence

provide financial support to democratic nations in Western Europe to help restore a market economy

An important way in which the situation described in the excerpt was significant was that it

A

highlighted a view of communism as an authoritarian threat

B

celebrated the Allies' victory over the Axis powers in the Second World War

C

suggested concerns about communist subversion in the United States

D

encouraged direct military confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union

highlighted a view of communism as an authoritarian threat

Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech helped mark the beginning of which of the following developments?

A

The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union

B

United States efforts to counteract Soviet influence by sending troops into Eastern Europe

C

United States campaigns to support democratic movements in Latin America

D

Soviet Union efforts to extend its influence into the countries of Western Europe

The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union

The speech's point of view can best be used to support which of the following historical arguments about the early 1900s?

A

Most Americans believed that the United States should continue an isolationist foreign policy.

B

Most Americans asserted that American Indians were unjustly harmed by federal policy toward them.

C

Some Americans advocated economic development of overseas countries in order to justify imperialism.

D

Some Americans appealed to racial theories in order to oppose efforts to acquire new territorial possessions.

Some Americans advocated economic development of overseas countries in order to justify imperialism.

The reference to "the world revolution" in the excerpt most directly refers to which of the following developments in international affairs following the Second World War?

A

Decolonization and the emergence of nationalist movements in Asia and Africa

B

The beginning of the Cold War in Europe

C

United States support for anticommunist regimes in Latin America

D

United States efforts to create a national energy policy

Decolonization and the emergence of nationalist movements in Asia and Africa

King's ideas in the excerpt most directly represent which of the following shifts in thinking among Civil Rights leaders in the second half of the 1960s?

A

Refocusing the agenda on segregation in the South

B

Deepening concerns about persistence of inequality

C

Growing support for Great Society social programs

D

Increasing reliance on the Supreme Court to protect individual rights

Deepening concerns about persistence of inequality

Whyte's concern in the excerpt for "the pressures of the group, the frustrations of individual creativity" best provides evidence for which of the following developments in the 1950s?

A

The emphasis on conformity in suburban communities

B

The expansion of higher education opportunities for war veterans

C

The creation of international alliances to oppose Soviet expansion

D

The investigations of supposed communists in the federal government

The emphasis on conformity in suburban communities

Whyte's discussion about the "issue of individualism" best serves as evidence for the responses to which of following situations in the 1950s?

A

The protests of civil rights activists against segregation

B

The rejection of mass culture by some artists and intellectuals

C

The refusal of some military draftees to serve in the Vietnam War

D

The opposition of a new conservative movement to postwar liberalism

The rejection of mass culture by some artists and intellectuals

Which of the following explains the context for United States economic development between 1950 and the early 1970s?

A

Credit and stock markets became unstable because of overspeculation.

B

Low unemployment encouraged American optimism about economic growth.

C

A powerful conservative movement halted federal economic intervention in the economy.

D

Companies imported valuable commodities acquired from new overseas colonial territories.

Low unemployment encouraged American optimism about economic growth.

Which of the following best describes an interpretation of the overall trend in the graph of United States crude oil consumption between 1950 and 1980 ?

A

The United States domestic production of crude oil increased in this period.

B

The United States became more dependent on imports of crude oil in this period.

C

United States usage of crude oil became more efficient in this period.

D

The United States had a consistently increasing supply of crude oil imports in this period.

The United States became more dependent on imports of crude oil in this period.

Which of the following describes the trend in crude oil imports to the United States from 1950 to 1970 as depicted in the graph?

A

Crude oil imports rapidly increased to 2 billion in 1960 and then remained steady.

B

Crude oil imports declined rapidly until 1960 before returning to their previous level.

C

Crude oil imports grew to a peak just before 1970 and then rapidly declined.

D

Crude oil imports rose gradually until reaching half a billion barrels in 1970.

Crude oil imports rose gradually until reaching half a billion barrels in 1970.

Which of the following describes the trend in crude oil imports to the United States between 1970 and 1980 as depicted in the graph?

A

Crude oil imports declined to over 3 billion barrels in 1980.

B

Crude oil imports rose steadily to half a billion barrels in 1980.

C

Crude oil imports rose rapidly and then declined to about 2 billion barrels in 1980.

D

Crude oil imports declined rapidly to zero before recovering to 2.5 billion barrels in 1980.

Crude oil imports rose rapidly and then declined to about 2 billion barrels in 1980.

Which of the following best explains an effect on the United States economy by the patterns depicted in the maps?

A

Federal programs were created to reduce levels of unemployment.

B

Spending on defense industry work increased in order to create more jobs.

C

Wages for working and middle class people began to stagnate.

D

New technologies increased access to information and communication.

Wages for working and middle class people began to stagnate.

Which of the following best explains the cause of overall changes to union membership in the early twenty-first century as depicted in the maps?

A

Service industry positions overtook manufacturing employment.

B

Military service increased following national security threats.

C

New immigrant groups were disinclined to join unions.

D

Unemployment rose as result of oil crises that affected many industries.

Service industry positions overtook manufacturing employment.

Which of the following best explains a regional pattern of union membership in the early twenty-first century as depicted in the maps?

A

Wages generally increased in southern states.

B

Heavy industries in upper Midwest states experienced decline.

C

Agriculture along the West Coast saw dramatic changes.

D

Migration to the Midwest outpaced that of other regions.

Heavy industries in upper Midwest states experienced decline.

Which of the following best explains the reason for the deployment of United States troops overseas at the time when this act was passed?

A

The concern over German aggression in Europe

B

The desire to gain political control over new colonial territories

C

The attempts to overthrow Soviet domination in Eastern Europe

D

The fear of the expansion of communism to foreign nations

The fear of the expansion of communism to foreign nations

Which of the following political debates in the twentieth century best explains the goal of the act to "fulfill the intent of the framers of the Constitution"?

A

The debate over restricting civil liberties in wartime

B

The debate over the expansion of executive authority

C

The debate over the extension of individual rights to new groups

D

The debate over the role of the federal government in the economy

The debate over the expansion of executive authority

Which of the following developments best explains the passage of the excerpted law?

A

Presidents deepened United States military engagement in Vietnam without a declaration of war.

B

Congress objected to the measures used by presidents to enforce the desegregation of schools.

C

Counterculture leaders argued for expansion of presidential powers to uncover communist infiltrators.

D

African American leaders criticized the violence inflicted on peaceful civil rights protesters in the South.

Presidents deepened United States military engagement in Vietnam without a declaration of war.

The excerpt reflects many Americans' belief at the time that the federal government

A

was responsible for building infrastructure such as roads and schools

B

had been unable to solve social and economic problems

C

should vigorously resist communism abroad

D

should avoid interfering in moral issues

had been unable to solve social and economic problems

Reagan's administration implemented the ideas expressed in the excerpt by

A

increasing defense spending

B

reducing regulation of industry

C

expanding protection of the environment

D

eliminating major entitlement programs such as Medicaid

reducing regulation of industry

Which of the following would be most likely to support the views expressed in the excerpt?

A

White males in the Sunbelt

B

Women in the Northeast

C

African Americans in the Midwest

D

Latinos in the Southwest

White males in the Sunbelt

In response to the situation depicted in the map, most civil rights leaders in the 1960s did which of the following?

A

Focused their direct activism in the North and the Upper South

B

Abandoned legal strategies because they had been ineffective in desegregating schools

C

Urged stronger federal action to compel states to enforce civil rights protections

D

Adopted a militant platform centered on separatism and Black Power

Urged stronger federal action to compel states to enforce civil rights protections

The situation depicted in the map had the most in common with which of the following earlier processes?

A

Patterns of residential segregation in the antebellum South

B

Sectional conflict between the North and the South during the mid-nineteenth century

C

Federal attempts to guarantee rights for formerly enslaved people during Reconstruction

D

African American migration patterns during and after the First World War

Federal attempts to guarantee rights for formerly enslaved people during Reconstruction

Which of the following was a reason for the patterns depicted on the map?

A

States and counties in the Deep South responded more favorably to the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling than did those in the Upper South and Texas.

B

Many counties and states actively resisted implementing the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.

C

Economic difference among states and counties created unintentional racial segregation in schools.

D

The Civil Rights movement focused more on desegregating public transportation than desegregating schools.

Many counties and states actively resisted implementing the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.

Reagan's presidency resulted in

A

a decrease in federal government spending

B

deregulation of industry and reductions in taxes

C

extensive federal legislation promoting moral ideals

D

more vigorous protection of the environment

deregulation of industry and reductions in taxes

The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following trends of the 1980s?

A

The continued growth of the influence of liberal political ideas

B

The religious diversity of the Republican Party's supporters

C

The increasing public belief in the federal government's positive influence on society

D

The expanding political participation of Christian groups

The expanding political participation of Christian groups