Period 3 APUSH Terms

Albany Plan of Union

plan for coordinating defense during the French and Indian War among colonies for join taxation, troops, and intercolonial gov → didn’t work but set precedence, 1st time getting together

Salutary Neglect

Britain exerted little to no enforcement for Mercantilist policies or the navigation acts → colonists too independent and protective of their liberties and governments that they set up in britain’s absence, increased tension when britain tried to come back

French and Indian War

last of wars + ended on colonial front over the Ohio River Valley (economic gold mine) → lost the British their colonies because made them weak and they needed to depend on the colonies

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Chief Pontiac’s alliance of native tribes continuously and violently attacked colonists for encroaching on their land and not giving them compensation and gifts → caused proclamation of 1763

Proclamation of 1763

stopped colonists from crossing the Appalachian Mountains into new territory to prevent hostilities → colonists ignored, icnreased tensions because first law actually enforced, turns the tide to revolution

Stamp Act Congress

reps from 9 colonies decide what to do about the Stamp act and decide only their elected officials can pass taxes → directly challenged the british, increased intercolonial interactions, and increased tension

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

secret society organized for the purpose of terrorizing tax officials (tarring and feathering + destroying revenue stamps) → violent interactions like the Boston Massacre, increased tensions and made the British mad

Samuel Adams 

Massachusetts Circular Letter, founder of the Sons and Daughters of Liberty + initiated the Committees of Correspondence → helped raise anti-british sentiment and helped organize rebellions that increased british-colonial tension 

Committees of Correspondence

initiated by Samuel Adams to warn against British taking away colonial liberties even during peaceful times → kept the anti-british sentiment alive and spread those ideas farther along the colonies and gathered more supporters

Intolerable Acts

Coercive acts + quebec act (cut into colonists territory to give to canada and took away rep gov there) to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party + colonists called it that → increased colonial anger and a rise in the demand for independence + revolution

Sugar Act

duties on foreign sugars and other luxuries + companion law with stricter enforcement of the navigation acts to stop smuggling → increased enforcement and colonial anger because of increased taxing and led to a lot of boycotting

Quartering Act

colonists provide food and living quarters for british soldiers → increased colonial anfer + financial strain on colonists that increased anger

Stamp Act

direct tax on most printed documents + angered Patrick Henry → first direct tax and made the colonists very angry + incited colonial unrest and and measures like the Stamp Act Congress and the Liberty Sons to protest + first time discussing taxation without representation

Declaratory Act

declared to parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies + repealed the stamp act → made the colonists think they won but was misunderstood and when the colonists acted more bold their actions led to worse acts like the intolerable acts

Townshend Acts

indirect tax with duties on colonial imports, allowed for search of private homes with a writ of assistance - gov officials could search everywhere, NY assembly suspended → increased anger for Colonists + radical advocates like samuel Adams published in print everything wrong with the act

Tea Act

reduced price of british tea past the price of the smuggled tea to stop the boycott → incited the Boston Tea Party where they destroyed 342 chests of tea, rift in methodologies and drastic escalation

Coercive Acts

Port Act of Boston (closed boston port until they paid back the tea), Massachusetts Government Act (disbanded massachusetts government, Administration of Justice Act (british officials tried in britian) , Quartering Act (give up their homes) → first acts as punishment and increased colonial anger because it was more about control + started to encourage independence and turned more people against the british

John Locke

father of liberalism, enlightenment ideals, all humans are born with natural rights, revolutionary ideas → revolutionary ideas because the foundation for the American revolution and democracy + introduced rational thinking and to challenge authority which allowed the colonists to break off

Social Contract

agreement between people to make decisions for the good of the people and power for government comes from the people below → contrasted monarchy and provided the foundation for the american revolution and the impacted the education of the leaders of the AmRev

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

enlightment thinker that promoted and articulated the social contract + made it understandable and mainstream → inspired American Revolution and helped ordinary people have access to enlgihment ideals and join the fight

Thomas Paine

wrote pamphlet Common Sense + made it understandable to the general public why its crazy to be ruled by Britain (smaller and far way with unreasonable laws) → helped widen gap between colonies and Great Britian because it spread rapidly bc made complicated ideas easier to understand

Olive Branch Petition

offered to pledge their loyalty to the king if he interceded with the parliament to secure protection of colonial rights → caused the Prohibitory Act and ruined the last chance to make peace + led to the declaration of independence as the last choice

Thomas Jefferson

leader of the Anti-federalsits and one of the delegates who helped support independence + 3rd president of the US → protested agaisnt federal government, helped add the bill of rights to the constitution

Battles of Lexington and Concord

first battle of the AmRev with shots fired and minutemen assembled to face british troops after Paul Revere’s warning → 8 americans killed but 250 british killed on british side + showed the colonists could hold their own in the war + marked the beginning of the violent aspect of the american revolution

Republic Motherhood

women teach children the new values of the republic so they must be educated → new social standing for women and given more a role in shaping the political sphere of the country but still limited because at home

Abigail Adams

wife of John Adams and prominent advocate for Women’s rights after urging her husband to not forget the ladies in the constitution → made significant contributions of polical thought to the founding of the country and original documents through her husband

Land Ordinance

policy for surveying and selling the Western lands + establishing public education (land organization) → one of the greatest achievements of the articles of confederation and helped provide a long term solution for distributing lands fairly

Northwest Ordinance

system for deciding states through 60k settlers and provided limited self-government to the states there and banned slavery → increased divide between slavery and non-slavery states + AOC achievment, long-term states creation solution

Shay’s Rebellion

Daniel Shays leds farmers in an uprising against high state taxes and imprisonment by stopping collection of taxes and stopping debtor courts → helped states realize AOC wasn’t working

federalists

supporters of the Constitution + better organized, wealthier, but needed to support constitution → helped create the constitution and unite the states under one document

anti-federalists

feared the new government was too strong and opposed the constituion, less organized but more inherent supporters → made the bill of rights part of it and guaranteed individual liberties just in case

Federalist Papers

highly persuassive essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Joy with 85 essays in support of the new Constitution → key element that helped the Federalist campaign for the constituion and get it ratified after winning early victories in state conventions

Federalism

strong central government with power over all the states because a weak central govenrment is imppossibel to work in → defining argument of the federalists and was the foundation for the strength bestowed by the constitution

Virginia Plan

reps based on population + introduced by james madison + introduced a bicameral legislature → favored interests of larger states and influenced the creation of the house of representatives 

New Jersey Plan

unicameral legilature with each state having equal representation regardless of population → favored small states but provided the foundation for the senate

Connecticut Plan

combined both with a bicameral legislature with one house for reps based on population and the other for equal # of reps → compromise where both the smaller and larger states could benefit and provided checks and balances

Three-Fifths Compromise

each slave counts for 3/5 of a person for voting and representation purposes even though they are not a citizen → gave the southern states more political power due to more “people” + increased sectional divisons over slavery

Separation of Powers

legislative (make laws - taxes, funding and laws), executive (enforce laws - carries out ), judicial (interpret laws)- powers divided among three main branches of government → ensured even with a strong federal government that no branch would become overpowered

Bill of Rights

Ammendments that defendend individual liberty directly in addition to the constitution → turned the tide and got the constitution ratified

National Bank

for depositing government funds, printing bank notes for US currency, + Hamilton’s Financial program → financial system at national level and pay off national debt

Judiciary Act of 1789

established Supreme Court with chief and associate justices that was the highest court + provided for an entire court system down to districts → helped establish judicary system and interpret federal laws and enforce separation of powers

George Washington Farewell Address

wrote his address for publication and warned against getting involved in european affairs, permanent alliances, political parties, and sectionalism → later presidents carried on the first two warnings for quite a while and helped the united states grow separate from world politics

Alien and Sedition Acts

tried to get rid of immigrants who voted for Anti-Federalists by increasing ears needed for citizenship (naturalization act) + sedition act (illegal for newspapers to criticize government) → violated US constitution and showed an important instance of abuse of power and potiential flaw in the system

Kentucky and Virginia Resolution

judicial review not established so these two states declared that states could nullify federal laws because they had entered a pact and they could do it if it didn’t follow their beliefs → created the nullification controversy of 1830s and caused tension and threatened the unity underneath the federal government

Proclamation of Neutrality

Washington believed that the nation wasn’t strong enough to fight with France so issued the PON in the french conflict → helped set precedence for foreign affairs and helped them focus on domestic growth while maintaining economic interests with France and Britian both of which were drastically needed

Citizen Genet

French Minister to United States who broke rules of diplomacy by appealing directly to the public → showed resistance to the proclamation of neutrality but helped strengthen their cause because even people who agreed with him were angry with the way he went about it

Pinckney Treaty

Spain worried about their SE colonies Thomas Pinckney negotiated that spain opened lower MI River and New Orleans to American trade so they could transfer cargo without playing duties + florida border issue settled → diplomatic success with foreign affairs + helped their economy by gaining trade rights to important ports

XYZ Affair

ministers sent to France to negotiate French warships and privateers seizing US merchant ships certain ministers asked for a bribe and there was a public outcry for war after they found out → john adams remained peace but weakened public support for federalist power which allowed Dem-Repubs to take over with TJ

Cotton Gin 

made cotton production more efficient and quickly increased demand for low-cost labor → slave owners now believed they were essential + provided rationale for slavery that make sure it stayed for almost a hundred more years