HISTORY 105 BACH FINAL

The southern climate was conducive to these crops:

rice, indigo, tobacco, cotton

The south was a ____ society

agricultural

The Antebellum south had:

-few factories, cities, banks, railroads, and schools

- no desire to industrialize and diversify

What was integral to southern economy

storage, distribution, and sale of cotton

John C Calhoun said ____ formed the contours of southern society (our peculiar institution)

race-based slavery

The three subsections of the south:

-Lower (Deep) South

-Upper South

-Border South

Lower (Deep) South

-Plantation agriculture, large slave labor force

-Slaves made up half of population by 1860

-SC, AL, GA, MS, LA, FL,TX

Upper South

- Mixed agriculture, large plantations as well as subsistence farmers

-Some areas not suitable for growing cotton and some had few or no slaves

-VA, NC, TN, AR

Border South

- Steadily losing slaves because cotton could not be sustained there

- by 1860 half of delaware and maryland slave populations were free

- Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri

Cotton is King

- Cotton fueled northern textile mills

-Over 80 of Americas largest businesses were New England textile companies

- Influenced world commerce

- 2/3 of nations cotton grown in coastal region

-Accounted for over 1/2 US exports

- used to defend slavery

Southern Planters

- controlled south's political, economic, and social life

- regarded themselves as aristocrats

-became dependent on slaves

-Cult of honor

-2/3 of nations richest people were southern planters

Plantation mistress

- patriarchy was present

- mistresses must know place

- must be compliant, pious, virtuous

- tended to household and family duties

- supported slavery because surrounded by wealth and comfort

Slave women

- raped by masters, children sold

Overseers

- ran day to day workings of plantations

- white men, some skilled, poor, or owned slaves

- used whips and clubs on slaves

Drivers

- highest slave position

- organized small groups of slaves and directed toil

- sometimes cruel to fellow slaves

"Plain White Folk"

- subsistence farmers

- grew cotton and raised livestock

-traded with neighbors

- some owned slaves

- illiterate

- supported slavery for economic and racial reasons- kept them exalted

Tenant Farmers and Day- Laborers

- worked on someone else's property or borrowed land

- 40% of southerners were tenants

- some were squatters- set up shack on other's land

-referred to as hillbillies

-did not own slaves, just staying alive

Fastest moving element of society in 19th century

slavery

Slave codes

- established control of slave population

- could not testify, marry, own firearms, defend self, leave plantation w/o pass

- kept illiterate

- could be raped, beaten, sold

Whites justified slavery:

- blacks were innately and racially inferior

- without white protection and patriarchy, the black race would die

- slaves were taught to accept inferiority

Benevolent Paternalism

a grownup child who must be governed as a child

Free Persons of Color

- Must pay annual tax and could not leave state

- Required to have white guardian

- blacksmiths, bricklayers, shoemakers, barbers, butchers, seamstresses, house-servants, etc.

- could enter contracts marry, own property

- few owned slaves

Slave Trade

- treated like livestock

- life exp: 36

- bathed, groomed, clothed for sale

- families separated

The fancy trade

female slaves being sold for sex

Slave life

- worked all day every day

- lived in small cabins or homes

- poor diet

- few clothes/ only shoes in winter

- religious services and fishing/gardens on sunday

City slaves

- move about city freely

- hired out to others when not working

- turned over portion of wages to owner

- could eventually buy freedom

Slave Women

- heavy labor

- forced to have children

- sexually abused

- separated from husband and children

nuclear families

2 parents and 2 children of slave

Slave Families

- married by minister or slave master

- not legal

- children went to work at 10

- referred to everyone as brother and sister

- families broken up by sale

Slave Religion

- practiced in secret, owners thought it would cause uprising

- has supreme God, saints, Jesus

- also believed in magic, spirits, conjuring, etc.

- most joined Christian denominations- OT of poor and oppressed

- sang hymns during work

Gabriel's Rebellion 1800

- Richmond, Virginia

- Gabriel Prosser and fellow slaves attempted to capture Richmond and governor James Monroe

- Captured, tried, executed

German Coast Uprising 1811

- LA and MS

- Charles Deslandes led attack on sugar cane planters with arms and militia uniforms

- burned houses and killed whites on way to NOLA

- US army and militias crushed them

- Charles had legs and hands cut off before executed and burned

Vesey's Revolt 1822

- Denmark Vesey purchased freedom by winning lottery ticket

- coordinated with slave populations around SC

- Planned to seize Charleston, but Vesey and 34 others executed before it happened

Nat Turner's Rebellion 1831

-Turner was black overseer and literate preacher

- Said God instructed him to lead slave revolt

-Went around killing families

- federal troops killed 200 slaves

- Turner captured, tried, executed, dismembered

- Vigilante group created to patrol for runaways and rebelllions

Underground railroad 1850s

- tens of thousands escaped slavery

- Black and white abolitionists helped slaves gain freedom, to Canada

Underground railroad benefitted slaves in

upper south

Emphasis on ___ ___ led to powerful reform movements

free will

Christian ministers encouraged congregations to:

accept Jesus and be saved

Deism

- enlightenment idea

- jefferson and franklin

- rational God who created rational universe and we are all equal

-understand natural laws= key

- science and reason

- questioned if bible was literal word of God

- popular in college students, freedom of speech important

Unitarianism

- well- educated New Englanders

- oneness of God

- encouraged reason

- Jesus was moral but not divine

- Follow teachings of Jesus= gain salvation

- popular in New England (Boston)

Universalism

- influential in intellectual circles

- salvation available to everyone

-God too merciful to condemn anyone to hell

Second Great Awakening

- religious revival

- saw rising materialism and crime rates

- religion was essential for moral nation

- Methodist church- largest denomination in country

Who was at center of religious revivial

New England colleges- spread to Midwest and rural areas of southern states

Traveling Backwood Evangelists

- camp meetings

- preached to people to convert and spread news

- francis asbury

African Americans drawn to

Methodist and Baptist denominations

African Methodist Episcopal Church

- Richrd allen- hundreds of churches, ministers, and members

-Jarena Lee- preached and walked 20k miles

- Phoebe Worrall Palmer- led meetings in home, wanted perfection

Charles Grandison Finney

- Great Awakening preacher in NY

- 100k conversions

- Aimed at high classes of society

- do good works and attack social problems

Mormons

- Joseph Smith Jr published book of mormon

- 2 ancient civs Jesus visited- models for Godly communities

- Introduced polygamy- fueled mormon opposition- attacked

- Smith killed

Brigham Young established settlement in SLC

Trasncendentalism

- rise of romanticism, art, literature

- emphasized acts and thoughts that transcended logic and reason- tap into divine and spiritual nature, nonconformity

Ralph Waldo Emerson

- promoted individual freedom and self-culture

- convinced God was nature and people could obtain perfection

- unlimited human potential

-"Self reliance" and common people could have God-like powers

Henry David Thoreau

- uncompromising individualist

-many talents and interests

-nature was living bible, uncover meaning of life

-Disregarded unjust laws and opinions of elders

-refused to pay taxes

-"Civil disobedience" he wrote

- Inspired Martin Luther King Jr and Mohandas Gandhi

Antebellum Reform Movements

- reformers sought to improve society

- bible schools spread

- some urged gov intervention, personal responsibility, private charity

- growing middle class- women hire maids to focus on problems of society

- joined religious orgs

Temperance

- most widespread movement

- people drank most in 19th century

American Temperance Union

1833- called for abolition of all alcoholic beverages, considered evil

1836- called for abstinence, alienated moderate members of union

Women's Rights movement stemmed from

temperance movement

Main women of women's rights movement

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott

Seneca Falls Convention 1848

- drafted declaration of sentiments- all men and women equal

- asserted all laws placing women inferior to men have no force or authority

- too radical- only 1/3 signed

First organized women's right's movement

Seneca falls convention of 1848

Susan B Anthony

- pushed for women's suffrage after civil war

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery

Gradualists

opposed extension of slavery into west, and die out where existed- Lincoln

Immediatists

- immediate end to slavery everywhere- William Lloyd Garrison

Who founded newspaper called Liberator?

William Lloyd Garrison

William Lloyd Garrison

- hated by many

- nearly lynched by white mob

-opposed violence

American Anti-Slavery Society - 1833

-Evangelicals, Quakers, and free blacks joined together

- immediate abandonment of slavery was sin

Slaveholders were paid to ____ their slaves

manumit

Overland College in Ohio was first college to ____

admit blacks

Grimke Sisters

daughters of slave owners who moved to Philly became Quakers, called for anti-domestic slavery,

Liberty Party

anti-slavery ran candidate in every election until end of slavery

Harriet Tubman

- born into slavery, escaped, helped 300 total slaves escape as conductor 19 times

Southern Defense of Slavery (3)

1. Bible

2. Had not patriarchs of Hebrew Bible held people in bondage

3. Had not saint Paul had servants and be a master

John C Calhoun claimed slavery was

a great good rooted in Bible and blacks had never had such a good and civilized life, freeing slaves would cause blacks to want equality

Manifest Destiny

America had God-given right to expand Christianity and capitalism across continent

California was attractive becase

gold was discovered in 1848

The Overland Trail

a trail leading west across the mountains that many people used to get to California and Oregon

Texas Revolution

War between Texas settlers and Mexico from 1835-1836 resulting in the formation of the Republic of Texas

Stephen F Austin

wanted to create buffer zone between indians and mexicans, imprisoned by Santa Anna, urged Texas to become American slave territory

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Tejanos

Mexicans supporting Texas Revolution

William B Travis

Commander who led the Texan Rebels to fight for the Alamo

Davy Crockett

United States frontiersman and Tennessee politician who died at the siege of the Alamo (1786-1836)

Battle of Goliad

Battle in the Texas War for Independence in which 400 Americans were killed

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Battle of San Jacinto

(1836) Final surprise battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas

Texas became ____ state on _______

28th, December 29, 1845

Beginning of Mexican American War

- mex broke off relations with US

- polk wanted cali

- Zachary Taylor moved to disputed territory

- Mexicans attacked US troops North of Rio, Polk told Congress war was only answer\

- mexicans invaded territory, shed American blood on American soil

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War;

- Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession)

- U.S. gave Mexico $15 million

- Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Legacy of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

- doubled size of US

- ended long economic depression

The Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Calhoun's counter to wilmot proviso

insisted would be violation of life, liberty, property of slave owners, created debate over new territories

Popular soverignty

Allowed citizens of each territory to decide whether it would be slave or free

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state

(2) Texas-New Mexico Act- established boundaries

(3) Utah Act- set up as separate territory, authority over own matter of slavery

(4) Fugitive Slave Act-runaway slaves returned

(5) Sale of slaves banned in D.C.

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

Proposed by Senator Douglas- advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories to facilitate the building of the transcontinental railroad on a central route through Illinois

-both sides of the slavery debate flooded into Kansas.

Republican Party

made up by northern whigs, independent democrats, free soilers

-against slavery, exclude slavery from west

-created bc Whig destroyed by K/N Act

-southerners threatened vitality of union

Abraham Lincoln opposed

introduction of slavery into western territory

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

John Brown let a part of six in Kansas that killed 5 pro-slavery men. This helped make the Kansas border war a national issue.

Violence in Senate

Preston Brooks beat Charles Sumner with cane for saying anti-slavery remarks

-northerners joined republican party

Election of 1856

Democrat James Buchanan defeated Republican candidate John C. Fremont

-denounced abolitionists, promising not to allow any interference with the Compromise of 1850

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.