AP Bio Unit 1 - only the stuff idk

Carb elements

C (H2O)

Carb monomers

simple sugars monosaccharides

Carb shape

hexagonal

Are carbs polar or nonpolar? What does this do to their solubility?

polar — dissolve well in water

what is the structure of monosaccharides?

simple ring sugars

examples of monosaccharides (2)

glucose + fructose

function of monossacharides

quick energy

two monosaccharides combined

disaccharides

two examples of disaccharides

sucrose and lactose

polymers of carbs + their function

complex sugars (polysaccharides) — store energy and provide structure

4 examples of polysaccharides and their functions

Starch = how store energy in plants

Glycogen = how store energy in animals

Cellulose = make up cell walls

chitin = make up exoskeletons of insects

sucrose

disaccharide; table sugar

what is lactose in?

milk

Where do animals and plants store carbs and energy?

plants: central vacuole

animals: muscles and liver

identify this

Carbohydrate

Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic? what does this mean?

hydrophobic —> nonpolar, insoluble in water

3 functions of lipids

insulation and long term energy storage (fat) and cell membrane

two types of lipids

fats and oils

monomers of lipids

fatty acids and glycerol

elements of lipid

Hydrocarbons (CH) + a few Oxygens on the ends

ALSO phospholipids have Phosphorus

Phospholipids

structural component of cell membrane

What is the phosphate head? What is the phosphate tail?

head = ionic —> hydrophilic

tail = hydrophobic —> hide between heads

steroids

cholesterol and sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

What are cholesterol and sex hormones made of?

4 fused rings

identify: 

steroid

cholesterol: what is it a type of and what is its function

type of steroid; essential in cell membrane

what does cholesterol enable animal cells to do? (3)

not need a cell wall, be able to change shape, move freely

saturated fats

no double bonds and solid at room temp

unsaturated fats

double bonds, kinking the molecule, and liquid at room temp

triglyceride function

store long term energy by getting stored in fat cells as lipids

What make up triglycerides?

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

3 examples of lipids

triglycerides, cholesterol, testoterone

function of phospholipids and cholesterol

membrane structure

function of triglycerides

long term energy storage

function of testosterone and estrogen

hormones / messengers

Identify:

lipid

3 examples of saturated fats

• butter

• cheese

• whole milk

3 examples of unsaturated fats

• olive, vegetable, or avocado oil

• nuts, seeds

• fish

• peanut butter

What is phosphorus in? (3)

ATP, nucleic acids, and phospholipids

is dehydration synthesis endergonic or exergonic?

endergonic — absorbs energy

What is glucose and what does it power?

a six carbon simple sugar powering the synthesis of ATP during cellular respiration

Differences in saturation determine ___

__ determine the differences between fats and oils

what does the structure of phospholipids give them?

polar/hydrophilic regions and nonpolar/hydrophobic regions

monomers of proteins and what they are joined by

amino acids — joined by peptide bonds

polymers of proteins

polypeptides

what are proteins main function?

building blocks for living tissue

examples of proteins (5)

• lactase (enzyme)

• hemoglobin

• insulin

• keratin

• myoglobin (muscles)

denatured

heat causes it to lose its shape and its functionality

can proteins be denatured?

yes

how many known amino acids

20

primary structure of proteins

way amino acids are put together

secondary

first way proteins fold: alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

tertiary

interactions between side chains (folding of a protein relating to hydrogen bonding between side chains)

quaternary

interactions between polypeptide chains

identify

tertiary structure

identify:

secondary

identify

quaternary

identify

primary

What two functional groups are the peptide bonds between?

carboxyl and amino groups

what are antibodies? hair? nails?

proteins

nucleic acid monomer

nucleotide

what does each nucleotide contain? (3)

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

what 2 sugars are there for NAs?

ribose and deoxyribose

how is the phosphate bonded in nucleic acid?

covalently to the sugar

how is the nitrogen base bonded in nucleic acid?

hydrogen bonded together

identify

protein

identify

nucleic acid

structure of amino acids

Central carbon, hydrogen atom, amine group, carboxyl group, variable side chain

Are proteins directional? what do they have? (2)

yes — have an amino terminus and a carboxyl terminus

is DNA’s complementary strands antiparallel?

yes

function of hemoglobin

carrier

function of keratin

structural support

function of lactase

enzymes

function of myosin

movement

function of insulin

hormones/messengers

3 examples of Nucleic acids

DNA, RNA, ATP

function of DNA

info storage

function of Rna

info transmission

function of ATP

energy storage

protein elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

Nucleic acid elements

CHO, Nitrogen, phosphorus