HOTA Unit 1.1-1.3 Exam

Factors that contributed to the growth of Japanese nationalism (6)

1. The determination to transform Japan into a Western-style power, which was linked to the desire for equality with Western powers

2. Japan's belief in its destiny as the leader of Asia

3. The need to obtain raw materials and to serve markets in East Asia and to stop other countries from doing this

4. The need for strategic security

5. The actions of Western powers

6. Growing popular support for militarism and expansion within Japan

Nationalism

When people of a country strongly support the interests of their own nation, possibly to the detriment of the interests of other nations

Militarism

When a government or the people of a country believe it's necessary to have a strong military to defend and protect the interests of their country

Imperialism

Japan took on an imperialist foreign policy as they took over other Asian territories in pursuit of its nationalist goals

Shogun

Japan had been ruled by a feudal military dictatorship since 1192; The emperor was officially the rulers, but in practice, the power lay in the hands of the Shogun. Beneath the Shogun were the feudal lords, and then the samurai, or warriors

Commodore Matthew Perry

He wanted Japan to be open for US trade; Japan was intimidated and remembered what had happened when the Chinese attempted to resist the West

Sino-Japanese War, 1894-95

Japan was able to position itself as a world power WITH an empire; The Treaty of Shimonoseki gave Japan various lands including the Liaodong Peninsula and Formosa and made China pay a large indemnity, to open additional ports

Triple Intervention

Germany, Russia, and France were concerned with Japan's growing power and its impact on Asia as a whole; They forced Japan to give up the Liaodong peninsula

Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902

This ended Japan's diplomatic isolation; It was the first time a military alliance was signed between a Western and non-Western nation

Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Japan and Russia clashed over interests in Korea and Manchuria; Japan was successful in its land battles against Russia, but with heavy loss of life; In the war at sea, the Russians sailed from the Baltic sea to Vladivostok where they were destroyed by Admiral Togo and the new Japanese fleet

Manchuria

Area of China closest to Japan and larger than Japanese islands; rich with mineral resources and could provide living space; also could act as a buffer against the threat from Russia

21 Demands

Japan issued this to China while the allies were distracted with WWI; Among others, they wanted China to agree to the Japanese remaining in Shandong and to have commercial privileges in Manchuria. These demands angered the Allies, and some Japanese who thought the actions may ruin their reputation, so the demands were modified

Russian Civil War

The Allies, including Japan, sent troops to help the whites; Japan sent more troops than agreed upon and stayed when the Allies had left, causing distrust between Japan, Britain, and the US

Treaty of Versailles (For Japan)

At the Versailles Conference, Japan received the German Pacific islands and Germany's former economic privileges on the Shandong peninsula of China. Japan was viewed as an important economic power in Asia and naval power in the Western Pacific

Japanese immigration

After 1900, large flow of Japanese immigrants to US; worked in unskilled jobs and forced discrimination; known as 'the yellow peril' which drove anti-Japanese laws preventing them from becoming citizens and owning land. Partial reason why racial equality clause was not passed by the League of Nations

Four Power Treaty

At the Washington Conference in 1921, the US insisted that the Anglo-Japanese Alliance be replaced by a Four Power Treaty with the US and France. They would discuss if any of their possessions be threatened in the Pacific

Five Power Naval Treaty

Restricted competition in battleships and aircraft carriers by setting ratios; the British and Americans were allowed to have more than Japan; Japan's imperial Navy had to abandon its plans to expand

A fragile democracy

Japan's system was no longer respected after some financial scandals and violations of election laws; the government started clamping down on opposition and limiting the people's right to engage in open discussion; There was a fear of communism spreading to Japan; The government debated on how much political freedom was enough

Hirohito

He came to power when Emperor Taisho died; he was celebrated, and their nationalist spirit came alive

Growing economic crisis

Economic boom of Great War ended around 1921, and unemployment rose; there was industrial unrest and a huge divide between cities and rural areas; Farmers suffered, but were suppressed when they tried to organize themselves politically;

Wall Street Crash

Point in 1929 after which the Japanese government would come down on side of repression rather than democracy; Manchuria became even more important

Opium Wars

Britain defeated China in these wars from 1839-1842 and 1856-1860. It led to other countries gaining a variety of privileges in China- led to Chinese instability

1911 Revolution in China

This ended the Manchu dynasty; however China remained weak and divided; There were warlords who fought each other, prohibiting any sort of unity in China

Chinese Nationalist Party

In the 1920s, they were the main political force in China; After 1925 it was led by Jiang Jieshi; (Chiank Kai-Shek)There was a strong rivalry between the communist and nationalist parties which caused further instability in China

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)

Leader of the Nationalist Party in China after 1925

Communist party in China

They had a strong rivalry with the Nationalist Party in China in the 1920s and 1930s

"Turning point for Japan"

Historian Kenneth Pyle sees the Manchurian Crisis as a '______' for Japan as it led to Japan's isolation; it seemed that Japan abandoned international cooperation and the Washington Treaty System

Japan's view of the League of Nations after Manchurian Crisis

The League was attacked by both Japanese military and government; The west was seen as holding back the legitimate needs of Japan for racist reasons, and the League's resolutions were compared to the Triple intervention of 1895

Anti-Comintern Pact

Japan signed this with Germany as they were continuously worried about their relationship with the Soviet Union; It was against the international organization created by Lenin in 1919 to help spread communism worldwide

Manchukuo (results after the Manchurian Crisis)

Manchuria was fully under the control of the Japanese forces; the Japanese set up an independent government and called the new state 'Manchukuo'

Shanghai, China (results after the Manchurian Crisis)

Fighting broke out between China and Japan in this city; it was bombed by the Japanese with widespread damage and thousands of casualties. The Chinese retreated.

What had been Jiang Jieshi's focus?

To defeat the Chinese Communists, and to avoid another conflict

How did China respond to the to the Manchurian Crisis?

They went to the League of Nations for Assistance. Jiang Jieshi did not expect support from the West, but hoped to have some time to organize defences

What was Jiang's strategy in dealing with Japan after the Manchurian Crisis?

Jiang's tactic after the Manchurian crisis was a combination of non-resistance, non-direct negotiation, which would probably not benefit the Chinese in the long run

Explain the following quote. The Japanese 'were a disease of the skin while the communists were a disease of the heart'

Jiang thought that the most pressing problem was the fight with the communists as a opposed to the Japanese with inspired his indirect, non negotiating strategy with Japan after the Manchurian crisis

What is meant by the 'Asia Monroe Doctrine'?

Monroe Doctrine: a US policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in 1823; This is the Japanese concept of limiting European influence in Asia

'Heroes' of Manchuria

The Japanese government's position was undermined by the Kwantung Army, the Japanese military, who were very popular in Japan. The government had to accept the conquests rather than demonstrate the loss of control it had over the army

Dark valley

Time period in the 1920s and 1930s when relations with the west deteriorated. Not only was there a division between the Japanese government and military, but the military was also divided

Marco Polo Bridge

Fighting broke out between the Chinese and Japanese forces in 1937; The Japanese invaded without consulting their government in Tokyo. They were getting forces from Korea and Manchuria

What did the Nationalists do in China regarding its capital?

They moved it from Beijing to Nanjing, but moved it again as the Japanese advanced

Explain the days that followed the Japanese invasion of Nanjing

The Chinese soldiers and civilians were subjected to appalling atrocities. It was a period of terror and destruction. Women were raped, and civilians were killed.

Imperial Rule Assistance Association

Multi-party politics were suspended as this replaced all political parties

Indo-China

Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam

Tripartite Axis Pact (Three power)

September, 1940: Japan, Germany, and Italy signed this, stating that Germany and Italy would dominate Europe and Japan could dominate East Asia

Border disputes with the Soviet Union

If the Axis powers won, Japan could easily take the colonies from the Western democracies with the Triple Power Pact. There had been some border disputes between them and USSR during their war with China

Nazi-Soviet Pact

1939: Germany and USSR agree not to attack each other and to split Poland

Neutrality Pact with the Soviet Union

The Japanese and the Soviets signed this. It was mutually beneficial: the Soviets could concentrate in Europe and the Japanese could focus in Asia

Japanese moves after Tripartite Pact

With the Nazi victories in Europe weakening the European countries, Japan was able to move further into Indochina and to threaten Thailand, Malaya, and the Dutch East Indies

How did the US and Britain react to Japanese expansion?

They were shocked and froze all Japanese assets. They brought foreign trade with Japan to a halt and strengthened their defenses win the region. They gave aid to Jiang in China

Mao Zedong

Leader of the communists

Warlords

a military leader of a nation or part of a nation, esp one who is accountable to nobody when the central government is weak

Smoot Hawley Tariff Act

Brought the highest protective tariffs in US peacetime industry

Mukden incident

Kwantung army blamed Chinese blew up South Manchurian railway and had its "excuse" to force the Chinese to retreat from Mukden

Economic Embargo placed on Japan

This placed on Japan by expanding into Indo-China would prove to be fatal in the long run; the Japanese could not keep fighting in China if their war supplies were cut off; a war of conquest to gain and ensure resources from the European colonies

Open Door policy

Statement of principles initiated by the US in 1899 and 1900 for the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity

Describe the negotiations between the US and Japan

The US wanted Japan to agree to respect territorial integrity of its neighbors, pursue policies peacefully, and maintain 'open door' trade policy in the areas under its control; Japan would not agree

American naval base in Hawaii

When negotiations with the Japan and the US stalled, preparations were made for the attack here

Imperial Conference

Privy Council President Hara

December 7, 1941

Date of Japanese bombers attacked US ships; their goal was to destroy the US Pacific fleet;

'A data which will live in Infamy'

FDR referred to December 7, 1941 (the attack on Pearl Harbor) as this

Results of the Attack on Pearl Harbor

The US was outraged after this and viewed Japan as deceitful, as the US was negotiating with Japan while they sent over the attack fleet

Historian's thought on attack on Pearl Harbor

A Japanese historian argues that the attack was not in line with Japan's long-term planning and it was caused by the oil embargo; Some revisionist historians say that FDR provoked Japan into making an attack

League's reaction to Mukden Incident

The League of Nations was centered around the idea of 'collective security' ;

Collective security

States would take joint action to deal with aggression

League of Nations

A body where all states could be represented

Washington Conference System

Developed the Four Power treaty, five power treaty, nine power treaty

Nine power treaty (1922)

Japan, the USA, Britain, France, Italy, China, Portugal, Belgium, and the Netherlands were to respect China's integrity and independence and abide by 'open door' principals; Japan returned the German concessions they received after WWI

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928- The signatory states promised not to use war to resolve disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them

3 parts to the League of Nations

-Assembly of the League- made of up representatives of al member states

-Council of the League

Consisted of the major powers

-Covenant of the League of Nations

document which set out how the League was to achieve its aim

Lytton Commission

The League of Nations sent this team to Manchuria; they stated in their report that Japan did in fact have special interests in Manchuria but the use of force by the army, and its takeover of the whole of Manchuria was unacceptable

Japan leaving the League

Japan found the league to be hypocritical; they thought the British and French took over some of their colonies/enclaves by force; they ignored the Lytton Commission report and withdrew from the League of Nations

Mussolini invades Abyssinia

The failure of the League to respond to the manchurian incident may have also contributed to Mussolini's decision to invade Abyssinia (present-day) in 1935

3 main areas in China by 1938

Nationalist China

Communist China

Japanese-occupied China: east and north

Sino-Japanese War >> WWII

What started out as the Sino-Japanese conflict now became part of the Second World War and the global struggle against aggression and totalitarianism

Isolationism

The USA's main foreign policy concern in the 1930s was to stay out of international crises and to pursue its own interests

US trade with Japan

The US had trade and investment interests in Japan, which it did not want to jeopardize; The US had far more important trade ties with Japan than with the much larger Chinese Republic

Reasons for US isolation

Impact of the WWI- no more involvement in European quarrels; no credible naval force to back up any threats; Great Depression- need to focus on domestic issues; trade with Japan; US interests and security not directly affected

Stimson Doctrine

A nonrecognition doctrine (jan, 1932); the US declared it would not recognize any agreement that violated China's territorial or administrative integrity or that went against the open door policy or the Kellogg-Briand pact; this doctrine allowed Hoover to support international law, but also to avoid committing to economic sanctions

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Inaugurated president in 1933, he continued with the same limited response to Japan

FDR's focus

In the US: solving the economic crisis through his new deal policies; outside the US: Hitler's policies; The US still continued to export strategic materials to Japan throughout the 1930s

Neutrality Acts

1935- if there was a war then the USA would not supply to either side

1936- no loans could be made to belligerents (aggressors)

1937- warring countries could only purchase arms from the US if they were paid for and taken away by the purchaser ("cash-and-carry")

Panay

US gunboat that was escorting three small oil tankers on the Yangtze River when a Japanese aircraft bombed and sunk it- December 1937

US public Opinion in 1937

Mostly in favor of isolation

Roosevelt's thoughts on the Neutrality Acts

He did not share the sentiments of isolationists regarding the Neutrality Acts which treated aggressor and victim alike

Why the US started to resist Japan

1. The announcement by Japan that it wished to create 'a new order in East Asia' was the turning point

2. There was growing concern in the US that Jiang might respond to propositions from Japan to join with them in this 'new order'

3. There was the possibility that if the US didn't give enough aid to Jiang, the Soviets might increase their support for the Nationalists, thus further increasing their influence in China

4. US public opinion began to swing in favor of FDR's campaign to end the neutrality laws

5. International context was key for changing US attitudes

Trade embargo on Japan

The US imposed a trade embargo on Japan; as Japan was totally dependent on imported oil from the US, this created a crisis for the Japanese government who now believed the western powers were attempting to encircle Japan and destroy 'rightful place' in the world

US declaration of War

The attack on Pearl Harbor united the American people for a war against Japan- A day that will live in infamy