[HST32418] Demography to Exploitation of Clans

Demography

This is the statistical study of human populations

Ethnography

This is a branch of anthropology that studies a man and his customs and culture

182

This is the estimate number of ethnic groups in the Philippines

Paramount Leader

In times of war, village members accept orders from this person

Manila, Cebu, Butuan

Precolonial PH contained a conglomeration of these barangays

Federalism

This reinforces local dynasty

Rice Harvesting

They placed high importance on this during the precolonial era

Pila, Laguna

This place shows evidence that the amount of rice is directly proportional to status/progress.

Common Identity

People come from diverse backgrounds, but they are confined to a specific geographic place

Identity

This happens only in socialization

Tagalog

This is the Filipino that we know of

Filipino

This was mainly used to describe a Spaniard born in the Philippines: Insulares

GOV W.C. Forbes

Suggested that Rizal should be the National Hero

Gov. General Frank Murphy

He began the tradition of having ”national” things

Baybayin

An example of what we consider as native at present that were once a visitor to our country (hint: writing system from Indianized SEA)

Sampaguita

Regarded as our national flower, as well as Indonesia's; Indian Jasmine

Mangoes

Regarded as our national fruit, but India and other parts of SEA has it

Carabaos

Regarded as our national animal, but it was imported in recent times from China

Sinigang

Regarded as our national food, except for Muslim-Filipinos

Barong

This clothing, made with native materials, was influenced by Indian fashion with Spaniard elements

Bahay Kubo

Regarded as our national house, but may not stand in all areas of the Philippines (e.g. Batanes)

Pinakbet

Known to be Ilocano despite its vegetables not native to the Philippines

Jeep

Originated from the US Army surplus jeep that eventually became a symbol; an autocalesa

Pansit canton

A Filipino celebration staple, but mostly originated from the Canton region in China

Spaghetti

A Filipino dish that uses banana ketchup instead of how Italians originally made it to be

Lumpia

Spring rolls originated from Eastern Asia

Honda, Tuktuk, Bajaj

These are variations of tricycles in SEA

Honda

For the Cordilleras, it is not regarded as a “car,” but motorcycle used to power the tricycle

Tuktuk

This tricycle is used in Cambodia & Thailand

Bajaj

This Indian tricycle originated from a post-war Mazda product from Japan

Glocalization

When a thing that is supposed to be global is adopted for us (e.g. serving rice & sweetened spaghetti in intl fast food chains)

Indigenization

Foreign elements mixing with local factors

Socialization, Natural Environment, History

The local factors needed for indigenization

Truly Filipino Characters

These are developed throughout indigenization as there is an amalgamation of different cultures

25,000 years ago

This was when first humans crossed land bridges

58,000 years ago

This was when the Callao Man was alive

18,000

This was when the Tabon Man was alive

Wave Theory

This is a migration theory by Henry Otley Bayer; Indonesian A, Indonesian B, First Malay, and Malay B — south-to-north

Indonesian A from the Wave Theory

Light-skinned, high nose, slim body (Wave Theory)

Indonesian B from the Wave Theory

Heavy-bodied, flat noses (Wave Theory)

First Malay from the Wave Theory

Clean shaven, medium height, slim bodies (Wave Theory)

Malay B from the Wavy Theory

Malay muslims (Wave Theory)

Out of Taiwan Theory

This is a migration theory by Peter Bellwood; China as the center 50,000 years ago — north-to-south

Nusantao Theory

This is a migration theory by Wilhelm Solheim; Migration was from many directions, particularly, Filipinos came from Southeast Asia

Tamaraw, Corals, Waling-waling, Tawilis, Philippine Eagle, Visayan Waray Hart

These are endemic species that are only present in the Philippines

The Filipino Today

It is a confluence of various elements, migrants and homegrown and in a unique historical accident

Acculturation (Sociological Element)

When one adopts another culture or way of ife that was introduced

Regionalism

Stems from Filipinos tending to identify themselves by regions; may lead to stereotypes, biases, and ethnocentrism

Nationalism

Members of a community empathize with other members; may lead to patriotism

Benedict Anderson

States that “Communities are just imagined as we tend to identify in a certain group living in a geographical area”

Ethnocentrism

Thinking your own culture is better than another culture

Ultranationalism

In a national scale, these people believe they are destined to dominate the world (e.g. Japanese - children of the sun goddess, German - herrenvolk or master race, Chinese - center of the unvierse); may lead to wars, various conflicts, discrimination, inequality, rebellion, and terrorism

Mountains and Rivers

These geographical features serve as barriers and highways for communication and transportation

Cordillera

Most diverse ethnic group due to its mountain ranges

Cagayan River, Bicol River, Rio Grande de Mindanao, Agusan River

Luzon river systems

Geography

Gave the people the name of their ethnic group

Ilocanos

People from the bay/covers

Pampangos

People who inhabited the river banks

Tagalogs

Taga-ilog (river people)

Maranaos

People of the ranao (Lanao Lake)

Tausug

Tao (people) of the Sug (current)

Tagbanwa

Banwa (settlement) people

Ibaloi

Balay (house) people

Bicol

Stems from vikul (wind) and the winding nature of the Bicol river

Ilongos

The mouth of their main river resembles nostrils

Exonym

This is the term for a name given by an outsider

Igorots

People of the gorot (uplands/hill)

Moro

From the Spanish Moro; Moors (Muslims or Mohammedan)

Influence of the Environment

This affects the way of life of the people through their homes, diet, clothing, daily activities, and belief systems 

Banaue Cloth, Yakan Cloth

Examples of the influence of environment being manifested in their material and non-material culture

Thick Calves

These are manifested in the Igorots due to the influence of environment

Most Beautiful Maguindanaoans

These are manifested in the Visayans due to the influence of environment according to Fr. Francisco Colin because of eating mainly fish

Slim, Proportionally Built

These are manifested in the Tausug due to the influence of environment because of swimming

Looking at Life as a Struggle

Ilocanos’ temperament due to the influence of the prevalence of calamities

Covering up Hardships through Music

Visayans’ temperament due to the influence of the environment

Less Likely to Migrate

Tagalogs’ temperament due to the influence of the environment

War-freak, Pirates

Warays’ temperament due to the influence of the environment

High Ethnocentrism

Cebuanos’ temperament due to the influence of the environment

Stratification

When communities form and the leaders eventually became the nobles, then there are ordinary free men, and the slaves

Confederation

These are situated in areas where the environment offers greatest advantage, such as rivers and mouths of rivers

The Magellan-Humabon Pact

This is an example of colonizers exploiting community division