Cells and Tissues

credits kay FJ Dias WAHSAHAHHAHA ty po

Cell

the basic structural and functional unit of life capable of performing series of physical and chemical processes necessary for their survival - metabolism.

2 Phases of Metabolism

Anabolism and Catabolism

Anabolism

Constructive phase, example are Carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and steroid syntheses in RER and SER.

Catabolism

Destructive phase, examples are Glycolysis/ glycogen breakdown in the liver and skeletal muscle to produce glucose upon action of glucagon.

Protoplasm

collective term for different substances that make up a cell

5 Basic Substances of Protoplasm

Water, Electrolytes, Lipids, Proteins, and Carbohydrates

Water/H2O

principal fluid medium, constituting 70 - 85% (3/4) of cell mass

70-85%

Water constitutes how many percent of cell mass

Electrolytes

provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions

Cations

consist of positively charged ions which are Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++

Anions

consist of negatively charge ions which are Cl-, HCO3-, PO4-, SO4-

Proteins

most abundant substance next to water, constituting 10 - 20% of cell mass

10-20%

Protein constitute how many percent of cell mass

2 forms of Proteins that have been recognized

Structural and Globular

Structural

a form of proteins which are fibrillar forms

Globular

a form of proteins which are composed of individual protein molecules and are usually globular forms

Lipids

substance of protoplasm and the most important of which are phospholipid and cholesterol, constituting 2% of cell mass; are used to form cell membrane (lipid bilayer)

Triglycerides/neutral fats

it is storage form of lipid in fat cells.

Carbohydrates

it has little structural function (glycocalyx of cell membrane) but provide most of the nutritional requirement of cell.

Glucose

simplest form of carbohydrate for cellular metabolism and production of energy.

Glycogen

storage form of carbohydrate in liver, skeletal muscle (pancreas).

Cell membrane

Made up of lipid bilayer and glycocalyx) regulates influx and efflux of cytoplasmic substances.

Nucleus

spheroidal body within a cell

Chromosome/ Chromatin granule

contains gene/ DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Nucleolus

contains RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Nuclear envelope

porous double membrane enclosing nucleoplasm contents (nucleoplasm - fluid component of nucleus).

Mitochondrion

powerhouse; produces energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), forming a total of 36 ATP per complete cycle

Lysosome (as suicidal bag) and Peroxisome (both regarded as cytoplasmic vacuoles)

contain hydrolase and oxidase, respectively, enzymes which bind to and destroy microorganisms and foreign agents during phagocytosis.

SER/agranular ER

is for lipid, steroid and carbohydrate syntheses

RER/ agranular ER

is for protein synthesis

Golgi complex

acts as packaging center; also for synthesis of large carbohydrate molecules

Centriole

guides spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis

Cytoskeletons

are protein tubules which reinforce cell shape by holding organelles in proper position and support the whole structure

3 classification of Cytoskeletons b.

Microtubule, Intermediate filaments, Actin filaments (smallest)

Microtubule

for movement control and some aspect of mitosis

Tissue

aggregate of cells with similar and coordinated functions

Essential Components of Tissues

Cells, Intracellular substance, Junctional complex

Hemidesmosome

it anchors cell to basement membrane

Desmosome

it anchors cell to cell

Gap junction

known as communicating junction

Zonula adherens known adhering junction

Zonula occludens/tight junction

impermeable junction

What are the classification of Tissues

Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscular Tissue, Nervous Tissue

Epithelial/epithelium

sheet-like tissues with a free border facing the outside environment or a body fluid.

Simple epithelium

has single layer of cells; lines body cavities, tubes and ducts (mesothelium, endothelium)

Stratified epithelium

has 2 or more layers; for protection (skin)

Simple Squamous

inner lining of blood and lymph vessels, heart, airsacs of lungs, pleura, peritoneum (mesothelium, endothelium)

Simple Squamous

lining epithelium of blood and lymph vessels

Simple Squamous

lining epithelium of heart

Simple Squamous

lining epithelium of airsacs of lungs

Simple Squamous

lining epithelium of pleura

Simple Squamous

lining epithelium of peritoneum (mesothelium, endothelium)

Simple Cuboidal

lining epithelium of ducts

Simple Cuboidal

lining epithelium of secretory part of small glands

Simple Cuboidal

lining epithelium of retina

Simple Cuboidal

lining epithelium of kidney tubules

Simple Cuboidal

lining epithelium of ovaries

Simple Cuboidal

lining epithelium of testes

Simple Cuboidal

lining epithelium of bronchioles

Simple Columnar

lining epithelium of ducts

Simple Columnar

lining epithelium of glands

Simple Columnar

lining epithelium of gut

Simple Columnar

lining epithelium of part of uterus

Simple Columnar

lining epithelium of small bronchi

Stratified Squamous

lining epithelium of Epidermis

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - non keratinized

mid-respiratory passages

Transitional

lining epithelium of renal pelvis of kidney,

Transitional

lining epithelium of ureter

Transitional

lining epithelium of urinary bladder

Transitional

lining epithelium of Urethra

Connective

the most abundant and widely distributed of all tissues in complex animals; connect and support other tissues

types of connective tissue fibers

Collagen fibers, Elastic fibers, Reticular fibers

Collagen fibers

have collagens, which are long, flexible but not stretchable fibers

Elastic fibers

have elastins, which are stretchable fibers (but not strong)

Reticular fibers

have reticulins, which are similar to collagen fibers, but are thin and delicate

Loose connective

a soft connective that has fibers and fibroblast (secreting fibers) all loosely arranged in a semifluid ground substance

Dense irregular

a soft connective has fibroblasts and many collagen fibers- on skin; forms protective capsule around organs that do not stretch much

Dense regular

a soft connective fibroblasts occur in rows between many parallel bundles of fibers - tendon

Specialized

adipose is under what type of connective tissue

Specialized

cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage) is under what type of connective tissue

Specialized

bone, blood, hematopoietic & lymphatic tissues, (tendon, ligament) is under what type of connective tissue

Specialized

blood vessel wall is under what type of connective tissue

Specialized

bronchial wall, trachea is under what type of connective tissue

Muscular

tissues capable of contraction - forceful shortening of muscle fibers in response to stimulation from the outside.

Skeletal muscle

are striated and voluntary which are the type of muscle attached to bones.

Cardiac

is striated and involuntary which is the type of muscle in myocardial layer of heart.

Smooth

are non-striated, involuntary which is the type of muscle in gastro-intestinal, bronchial, biliary, blood.

Nervous

tissues which exert the greatest control over the body's responsiveness to changing conditions (have property of irritability.)

Irritability

ability to respond to any forms of stimuli)

Neurons

excitable cells which form communication lines in most of the nervous system(cell body, axon, dendrite)

Neuroglia

support and protect neurons structurally and metabolically (more numerous than neurons)

Astrocytes

well-developed neuroglia which is a long, star-shaped cells with numerous, highly-branched processes

Oligodendroglia

small cells with scanty cytoplasm, surround nerve cells.

Oligodendrocyte

secretes myelin sheath in CNS

Microglia

phagocytic; fixed macrophage of the brain

Schwann cells

also known as lemocytes which secretes myelin sheath in PNS.