2.1.2 Inflation

Spec points

Define inflation?

• inflation refers to the sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy

• it leads to a decrease in the purchasing power of money

What percentage does the UK aim to keep its inflation at? (a Macro objective)

2%

What does inflation at 2% mean?

That the general price level have increased by 2% form one year to the next

Define -”an increase in the general price level”

A decrease in the value of money

What are the 2 products which tend to make inflation high?

Air fairs and Tobacco

Define Deflation

• Deflation is the opposite of inflation, characterized by a sustained decrease in the general price level.

• it increases the purchasing power of money but can discourage spending and investment

Define disinflation

• Disinflation occurs when the rate of inflation declines but remains positive.

• Prices are still rising, but at a slower rate than before.

What is an index number?

A figure reflecting price or quantity compared with a base value.

What is a weighted index?

A weighted index in an average index made up of combination of other indicie

Define the Consumer Prices Index (CPI)

• it is a widely used measure of inflation in the UK

• it tracks changes in the prices of a basket of goods and services purchased by an average household

On the diagram below circle the areas whihc show all the different types of inflation (deflation, disinflation and inflation)

What is the formula for calculating CPI inflation?

CPI Inflation Rate = [(Current CPI - Previous CPI) / Previous CPI] x 100

Give 2 limitations of CPI in measuring inflation

1. Substitution Bias

2. Quality changes

Explain how substitution bias is a limitation of using CPI to measure inflation

• CPI measures constant consumption patterns, whereas consumers often adjust their purchases in response to changing prices

• This can lead to an overestimation of inflation.

Explain how quality changes is a limitation of using CPI to measure inflation

• CPI may not adequately account for improvements in goods and services overtime.

• This can result in an overestimation of prices increases

Give another alternative measure of inflation

Retail Prices Index (RPI)

What is Retail Prices Index?

• RPI is another measure of inflation in the UK that includes a broader range of expenditures than CPI.

• It is used for various purposes, including index- linked bonds and some pension calculations

Outline how Retail Prices Index differs from Consumer Prices Index

RPI tends to produce a higher inflation rate than CPI because it includes housing costs and uses a different formula

How else can inflation be measured? (explain the process)

1. Decide on products to include - living costs and food survey

2. Give each product a weighting (how much of peoples sending it accounts for)

3. Find out the current prices

4. Wait a month

5. Find out the new prices

6. Calculate percentage price changes

7. Change weightings by percentage price changes

8. Add them all up

9. Compare with previous to see rise/ fall in price level

Recap: What does this represent:

1. CPI increases from 4% to 6%

2. CPI falls from 4% to 2%

3. CPI falls from 2% to -1%

4. What are the 2 steps for calculating CPI?

1. Inflation

2. Disinflation

3. Deflation

4. First carry out research into typical spending habits. Next create the basket of goods. Then give each category a weighting

Give 3 causes of inflation

1. Demand-Pull inflation

2. Cost-Push inflation

3. Growth of the Money Supply

Explain Demand-Pull inflation

• Demand-pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply, leading to upward pressure on prices

• Factors like increased consumer spending, business investment, or government expenditure can contribute to demand-pull inflation

Give an examples of demand-pull inflation

An economic boom that stimulates consumer spending and business investment may result in demand-pull inflation

Explain Cost-Push inflation

• Cost-push inflation arises when production costs increase, causing firms to raise prices to maintain profitability.

• Factors like rising raw material prices, higher wages, or supply chain disruptions can lead to cost-push inflation

Give an examples of cost-push inflation

A spike in oil prices can trigger cost-push inflation as it raises the costs of production for many goods and services.

Explain growth of the Money Supply

• An increase in the money supply, not matched by an increase in economic output, can lead to excess demand for goods and services and result in inflation

Give an example of Growth of Money Supply

Central banks printing excessive amounts of money can contribute to inflationary pressures.

What are the 4 things inflation effects?

1. Consumers

2. Firms

3. Government

4. Workers

How does inflation effect consumers?

• inflation erodes the purchasing power of money, reducing the real value of savings.

• fixed- income earners may experience reduced real incomes

• people on fixed pensions may find it more challenging to maintain their standard of living

How does inflation effect firms?

• Firms may face rising production costs, reducing profit margins

• They may adjust prices upwards to maintain profitability

How does inflation effect the government?

• inflation can increase the cost of servicing government debt, diverting resources from other public spending priorities

• tax brackets may not be adjusted for inflation, resulting in “bracket creep” and higher tax burdens

How does inflation effect workers?

• While workers may see nominal wage increases, their real wages may decline due to inflation

• Labour unions may negotiate for higher wages to keep pace with rising prices.