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critical thinking
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
empiricism
the idea that what we know comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
structuralism
an early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.
introspection
the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one's own psychological processes.
functionalism
an early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most believe with (1)
humanistic psychology
a historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential
cognitive psychology
the study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems
Psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
nature-nurture issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
natural selection
the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
behavior genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environment influences on behavior.
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values,, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
positive psychology
the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goal of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints.
behavioral psychology
the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.
biological psychology
the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.
psychodynamic psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influences behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders
social-cultural psychology
the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
SQ3R
a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.
psychometrics
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
educational psychology
the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.
personality psychology
the study of individuals' characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.
human factors psychology
a field of psychology allied with 1/0 psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.
counseling psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who are licensed to provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
community psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.
Wilhelm Wundt
Established the first psychology laboratory at the university of leipzig, germany
Edward Bradford Titchener
used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements, creator of structuralism
William James
Legendary teacher-writer who authored an important 1890 psychology text.
Mary Whiton Calkins
first woman to be president of the american psychological association, also student of William James
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner
engaged the controversial study of behavior
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorist that rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior
Sigmund Freud
Personality theorist and therapist who influenced humanity’s self understanding
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Humanistic psychologists founding both behaviorism and Freudian psychology
Ivan Pavlov
russian psychologist who pioneered the study of learning
Jean Piaget
swiss biologist and last century’s most influential observer
Charles Darwin
studied natural selection and argued they shaped behaviors and bodies
Dorothea Dix
Pioneer aka reformer leading the way to humane treatment of those with psychological disorders
G. Stanley Hall
Wudnt’s student that established the first formal us psychology laboratory
Margaret Floy Washburn
first official women psychology in PHD who also wrote influential book
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