APUSH Ch 8-10

Capitalist & Commonwealth System

Market-driven economy with limited gov. management; focused on general good and republican values (representation, private property, social contract).

Capitalism

Private control of property, free markets, economic competition, profit-driven exchange.

Neomercantilism

Gov-sponsored development projects; states build roads/canals to stimulate economy.

Commonwealth System

Gov. support for private businesses that build public works; National Bank offers loans/credit.

Panic of 1819

First major U.S. economic crisis; revealed boom-bust cycle; caused by end of Napoleonic Wars, drop in agricultural demand, risky state-bank lending.

Impact of Panic of 1819

Showed national economic interdependence in market economy.

Transportation Improvements (1800–1848)

Turnpikes, canals, steamboats, roads, telegraph; connected markets and raised standard of living.

National Road

First major federal road (MD–IL, 1811–1839); linked inland and coastal communities.

Erie Canal

364-mile engineering project linking Great Lakes to Hudson River; transformed NYC; boosted trade; caused displacement/ecological issues.

Sectional Alliances (Transportation)

North/West grew closer through transportation; South/North interdependent through raw materials and manufacturing.

Industrial Revolution (1790–1860)

Shift from human labor to mechanized water/steam power; mass production, division of labor, factories, wage work; caused new classes, urbanization, environmental harm.

U.S. Industrialization Advantages (GB)

GB had cheap labor, strong shipping, cheap colonial resources, strong credit; tried to restrict engineers from leaving.

Samuel Slater

Brought British textile machine designs to U.S.; started first textile mill.

Francis Cabot Lowell / Waltham-Lowell System

Recruited young women into factory labor with boarding houses; education opportunities; replaced by immigrants after strikes.

Eli Whitney

Invented cotton gin; promoted interchangeable parts for weapons manufacturing.

Early Labor Unions

Artisan republicanism (pride in craft); labor theory of value (value comes from labor, so workers deserve profits).

Cotton Complex

Interdependent relationship between southern cotton production and northern industry.

Northern Emancipation

Gradual emancipation, manumission; abolition grows but racial equality not embraced.

Chesapeake Slavery Decline

Tobacco decline reduced slavery dependence.

Deep South Slavery Growth

Cotton boom (½ of U.S. exports; ⅔ world supply), more land via Indian Removal, high profitability.

Domestic Slave Trade Causes

Cotton growth, westward expansion, decline of tobacco, end of Atlantic trade, natural increase.

Domestic Slave Trade Routes

Inland and coastal systems; constant threat of family separation.

Southern Defense of Slavery

Shift from “necessary evil” to “positive good” using religion and paternalism.

Southern Social Structure

Slave society; gang-labor system; poor whites with limited autonomy.

Northern Social Structure

Urbanization, manufacturing growth; wealthy elites; growing middle class; poor wage workers.

Expansion of Voting Rights

More white lower-class men gained suffrage; western states allowed universal white male voting, pressuring East.

Rise of the “Common Man” Politics

More elected offices, campaigning, patronage/spoils system, party discipline, caucuses, platforms, 3rd parties.

Martin Van Buren

Built first modern political party; political machine; founded the Democratic Party.

Party over Principles

Politics became about party loyalty instead of candidate morality.

Demographic Transition

Falling birth rates due to birth control, westward movement, cultural change; increased education.

Republican Motherhood

Women expected to raise moral republican sons; gave some moral influence but limited rights.

American Colonization Society (ACS)

Proposed relocation of free Blacks to Africa; created Liberia; unpopular among Black Americans.

Richard Allen

Bishop of AME Church; opposed ACS; argued Black Americans belonged in the U.S.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Maine free, Missouri slave; 36°30' line banning slavery north of it; maintained sectional balance.

Election of 1824 / Corrupt Bargain

No majority; House chose JQA after Clay’s support; Clay became Sec. of State.

Presidency of JQA

Last “Notable”; supported American System; strong federal power; unpopular tariffs; failed to pass federal programs.

Election of 1828

Massive voter increase; Jackson wins as “self-made man” with Van Buren’s organization.

Jacksonian Democrats

Wanted limited federal gov. but strong presidency; opposed national bank; supported states’ rights rhetorically.

Tariff of Abominations

High tariff hurting South; SC nullified; Jackson responded with Force Bill; tariff lowered.

Bank War

Jackson vetoed Bank recharter; shifted funds to “pet banks,” causing speculation.

Indian Removal Act

Forced tribes west to OK/KS; led to wars and mass deaths (Trail of Tears).

Worcester v. Georgia

Ruled states couldn’t impose laws on tribes—ignored by Jackson.

Treaty of New Echota

Treaty enabling Cherokee removal; 25% died.

Second Party System

Democrats vs. Whigs; Whigs saw Jackson as tyrannical; supported American System, education, moral reform.

Historical Context (1800–1848)

Industrialization, transportation revolution, growing democracy, new parties post–Era of Good Feelings.

Second Great Awakening (1790–1860)

Emphasis on individual salvation, free will, democratic church structures; mass conversions; rise of reform.

Charles Grandison Finney

Preached along Erie Canal; emphasized moral free agency; converted many in Rochester.

Benevolent Empire

Web of reform organizations addressing crime, alcoholism, poverty; tied to industrial urban issues; women heavily involved.

Individualism

Americans lived independently with fewer communal ties; aligned with 2GA focus on personal salvation.

Transcendentalism

Intellectual movement criticizing materialism; embraced nature, individualism, Romanticism.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Leader of transcendentalism; promoted self-realization and nature.

Margaret Fuller

Advocated women’s education and independence.

Henry David Thoreau

Promoted civil disobedience, anti-conformity, lived in nature.

Walt Whitman

Poet celebrating democracy and American identity.

Brook Farm

Transcendentalist agrarian utopia; failed.

Utopian Societies

Experimental communities rejecting market capitalism, traditional marriage, gender roles; grew after Panic of 1837.

Shakers

Celibate, communal society founded by Ann Lee; recruited orphans; known for ritual dancing.

Oneida Community

Practiced “complex marriage”; collapsed due to sexual exploitation.

Mormons

Successful communal religion; emphasized discipline, irrigation, family growth; founded by Joseph Smith; moved west after his death.

Urban Culture (1800–1848)

Rise of cities; increased crime, sex work; popular entertainment (theatre, minstrel shows); expanding print culture.

Free Black Communities

Advocated voting rights, education, abolition; faced discrimination in North & South; embraced 2GA ideas.

Abolition Movement

Radical and moderate factions seeking to end slavery.

David Walker’s Appeal

Called for immediate end to slavery; warned of violence if oppression continued.

Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

Slave uprising; led to harsher Southern laws; ended VA emancipation debates.

William Lloyd Garrison

Publisher of The Liberator; demanded immediate emancipation; supported women’s involvement.

AASS (American Anti-Slavery Society)

Interracial, moral-suasion group; postal campaign, Underground Railroad, petitions (blocked by gag rule).

Anti-Abolition Arguments

Religious justification, economic fears, social hierarchy preservation.

Women’s Rights (Early 1800s)

Tension between republican motherhood and domesticity; more women involved in reform movements.

Women’s Legal Gains (1840s)

Some states granted property rights (NY allowed women control over property brought into marriage).

Gender Conflicts in Reform Movements

Sexism in abolitionism and 2GA pushed women toward separate women’s rights movement.