Prison Systems and Correctional Models

These flashcards cover key concepts related to prison systems, correctional models, and associated terminology as discussed in the lecture.

What was a purpose of institutional confinement prior to the 1600s?

detain people awaiting trial

What was the closest European forerunner of the modern U.S. prison?

workhouses

Which institution is commonly regarded as the first state prison of the United States?

Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia.

What characteristic is true about the contemporary violent prison in John Irwin's typology?

it arose by default as the correctional institution faded and the fairness of coerced prison rehabilitation programming began to be challenged.

What was a requirement of the Pennsylvania system of confinement?

It required that inmates be kept in solitary cells so that they could study religious writings, reflect on their misdeeds, and perform handicraft work.

The _______ model of corrections emphasized the use of psychological assessment and treatment.

medical

What was the first maximum security federal was

USP Alcatraz

Which of the following systems of confinement avoided the harmful psychological effects of total solitary confinement and allowed more inmates to be housed in less space because cells could be smaller?

The Auburn system.

What is a true statement about the reformatory movement?

It emphasized regimentation, academic and vocational training in addition to work.

When compared with the overall U.S. population, which of the following statements is true of prison inmates in the United States?

They are more likely to be diagnosed with serious psychological distress.

What is the typical response to high crime and recidivism in the U.S.?

To increase the use of imprisonment.

After offenders are sentenced to the custody of the department of corrections, they are usually first taken to a ________.

To a classification facility.

Most jail funding is used for ______

Custody and security.

The majority of jail inmates are

Unconvicted defendants waiting for disposition of their case.

Men's prisons are often distinguished from one another by ________.

Security level.

What advantage has research shown about direct-supervision jails?

all of the answers are correct

What best describes a medium-security state prison?

A prison using a combination of cell blocks and dormitory or barracks-type living quarters.

An inmate's _______ level specifies the degree of precaution that needs to be taken when working with that inmate.

custody

A ________ is a very short-term (for instance, 24- to 48-hour) holding facility that is frequently located in or very near an urban police agency so that suspects can be held pending further inquiry into their cases by the police or the court.

Lockup.

A ________ is a facility that holds convicted offenders and unconvicted persons for relatively short periods.

Jail.

Which category of prison inmates is increasing rapidly?

Elderly inmates.

What is a key goal of cognitive behavioral therapy?

To teach offenders better problem-solving skills.

__________ is the process by which an inmate becomes socialized into the customs and principles of the inmate society.

Prisonization

The ________ is a theory that states that the inmate society arises as a response to the prison environment and the painful conditions of confinement.

deprivation model

The ________ is a set of values, norms, and roles that regulate the way inmates interact with one another and with prison staff.

convict code

The ________ model holds that the inmate society is shaped by factors external to the prison environment—specifically, the preprison experiences and socialization patterns that inmates bring with them when they enter prison.

importation

The ________ is the secret exchange of goods and services among inmates.

sub-rosa economy

Which of the following is one of the newest forms of prison contraband?

cell phones

In prison, social victimization involves

prejudice and discrimination against an inmate due to race, class, age, or other factors.

Which of the following best describes the gleaning lifestyle?

Inmates are concerned with taking advantage of the resources available in prison to prepare for life after release

Entering the ________ of a prison means finding in the diverse environment of the institution a niche that will accommodate an inmate's unique combination of needs.

private culture

Inmates who adopt the ________ lifestyle are primarily concerned with getting out of prison as soon as possible and avoiding hard time in the process.

doing time

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the inmate society in many women's prisons?

the presence of pseudofamilies

The majority of correctional officers in the U.S. work in ________.

state prisons

Which of the following statements is true about correctional officers?

They have considerable discretion in discharging their duties within the constraints of rules, regulations, and policies.

Criminologists Richard Hawkins and Geoffrey Alpert observe that the work of correctional officers is characterized by both ________.

boredom and stimulus overload

Inmates skilled in legal matters are known as ________.

jailhouse lawyers

Which of the following cases launched the prisoners' rights movement?

Cooper v. Pate

Totality-of-conditions cases usually claim that the prison violates which Amendment?

Eighth

Which of the following statements is true about a high percentage of lawsuits filed by inmates?

They are judged frivolous and are therefore dismissed.

Which of the following statements best describes the term parole?

a way of being released from prison before the entire sentence has been served

Mandatory release is similar to ________ in that persons let out under either arrangement ordinarily receive a period of community supervision.

parole

A pardon is a type of ______ in which the crime is erased and the offender's punishment ended.

clemency

The results of research on recidivism have indicated that the factor most strongly related to the likelihood of rearrest is the offender's ________.

prior arrest history

One study on recidivism demonstrated that the inmates who adjusted most successfully to prison life ________ to life in the free community upon release.

had the most difficulty adjusting

Approximately ________ percent of all prison inmates will eventually be released from prison.

93

Which of the following terms is defined as the return to illegal activity after release from incarceration?

recidivism

Community corrections has traditionally emphasized which goal of corrections?

rehabilitation

Which of the following activities is part of the law enforcement role of community corrections staff?

Supervising offenders

Community-run correctional programs are controlled by which level of government?

local

Who determines whether an offender will be placed on probation?

The court

________ refers to organized and systematic efforts to remove people from further criminal justice system processing.

Diversion

Which of the following is the most frequently used sentence in criminal justice?

Probation

Probation was first used in which city in the U.S.?

Boston

Which of the following statements regarding the presentence investigation (PSI) is true?

The main focus of the PSI is to estimate the risk the offender presents to the community and to determine the offender's treatment needs

Which of the following is conducted by a probation agency at the request of a judge, usually during the period between the finding or plea of guilt and sentencing?

the presentence investigation

________ are imposed at the discretion of the judge and probation officials and are designed to address the offender's particular situation.

Special conditions

You are a probation officer and learn that your client violated the conditions of probation. You recommend parole ________ and the offender is sent to prison.

revocation

As part of your sentence of probation, you are required to observe a set of ________ conditions that apply to all probationers in your jurisdiction.

general

Which of the following is most likely to be a special, rather than a general, condition of probation?

The probationer must participate regularly in a Narcotics Anonymous program

Identify a true statement about straight probation.

Straight probation occurs when an offender is sentenced only to probation, with no incarceration or other form of residential placement.

Identify a true statement about intensive-supervision probation and parole (ISP).

ISP programs are characterized by inescapable supervision, such as multiple weekly contacts between officers and clients and frequent testing for drug use.

Identify the type of probation in which an offender is initially sentenced to prison but is soon (perhaps after 120 days) recalled to court and placed on probation.

shock probation

Which of the following is used with people leaving prison?

parole

Parole revocation is the responsibility of the ________.

parole board

A key to successful community adjustment for inmates leaving prison is ________, which means rebuilding former prosocial ties to the community and establishing new ties.

reintegration

________ offer community-based residential facilities that are an alternative to confinement in jail or prison.

Community correctional centers

Which of the following is a critical issue regarding the use of halfway houses?

community resistance

Which of the following statements is true about halfway houses?

They place considerable emphasis on helping offenders find and keep jobs.

Which of the following statements is true about electronic monitoring?

It is used to verify that offenders are at their designated locations at particular times.

In the case of ________, the Supreme Court establish that parole revocation must be a two-stage process.

Morrissey v. Brewer

Who is considered the "father" of probation?

John Augustus

Which of the following might one expect if the future of law enforcement increasingly reflects the principles and policies of the crime control model?

broader police discretion

Under the crime control model, the investigative abilities of the police should be improved and made easier by the expansion of ________.

community policing

In which of the following ways may advances in electronic surveillance facilitate greater intrusion into people's lives?

Advances in bionics may increase police abilities to observe from longer distances.

To the extent that the crime control model is followed in the use of electronic surveillance, whose vision of society, according to your textbook, may become a reality in the United States?

George Orwell

A major concern regarding the use of DNA technology is

how a DNA database will be collected and used.

________ involves replacing human body parts with mechanical ones.

Bionics

Which of the following cities has the most extensive network of surveillance cameras, known as the "Ring of Steel"?

London

What would a "smart gun" do?

Electronically disable itself if taken from a police officer during a struggle

Advocates of the crime control model consider ________ at any stage, other than perhaps at trial, a luxury and an unnecessary impediment to the efficient operation of the process.

legal representation

Supporters of which of the following maintain that a crafty lawyer may be able to win the freedom of a factually guilty client by means of a legal technicality?

the crime control model

Due process model advocates believe that the ________ is a critical stage in the administration of justice.

preliminary hearing

According to due process model advocates, the ________ is a sham because it has become nothing more than a rubber stamp for the prosecutor.

grand jury

How are jurisdictions today limiting judicial discretion in sentencing?

Using sentencing guidelines

If the crime control model dominates the future of the administration of justice, it is likely that ________ will be strongly discouraged and limited.

appeals

If the due process model dominates the administration of justice in the future, there will probably be no limitations on ________.

the right to appeal

Participatory justice is a form of ________.

restorative justice

In the future, the primary goal in the area of corrections is likely to be _________.

crime control

Which of the following amendments to the U.S. Constitution will have to be respected and will be likely to place limits on corrections in the future?

the Eighth Amendment

________ is a dispute resolution process that brings disputants together with a third party who is trained in the art of helping people resolve disputes. The agreed-upon resolution is formalized into a binding consent agreement.

Mediation

In the context of the future of the administration of justice, which of the following is an argument put forward by the advocates of the due process model?

Legal counsel must be made available immediately after arrest to prevent the likelihood of innocent people being subject to harassment by agents of the state.