Crisis Management Test 2

What do hostages virtually guarantee and why?

Media Coverage, governments cannot protect the people

Usually no preconceived plan/barter for escape

Professional Criminals

Usually emotionally disturbed/attempt to bring attention to themselves or their individual problems/high risk of suicide present

Inadequate Personalities

early show of force, unplanned, prisoners

Loose Groups

terrorist, maximize propaganda, political or social change via media

Structured Groups

What 3 choices does the HT have?

Martyrdom, Lessen demands, Surrender

What does ICER stand for?

Isolate, Contain, Evaluate, Report

What are the Hostage Police Commanders options?

Assault, Tactical Team, Chemical Agents, Contain and Negotiate

person is held to force fulfillment of substantive demands, there is a threat of harm unless demands are met

Hostage Incident

the person is held for emotional reasons, no substantive demands, held as a victim “homocide to be”

Non Hostage Incident

Requires action (stress) and performance expectation within a specified time frame

Demand Theories

environment, abilities, stress demands and measuring effectiveness

Transactional Model of Stress - Cox-Mackay

measures arousal as it relates to performance

Yerkes-Dodson Law

What is a negotiation?

The use of verbal communications to de-escalate, stabilize, and peacefully resolve a diverse set of situations in which law enforcement comes into conflict with an individual in a crisis

Goal oriented, involves purposeful behavior, HT needs police to complete demands, demands are the primary motivation for not harming hostage

Characteristics of a hostage situation

HT uses expressive ventilation, actions are emotional, no clear goals or substantive demands, no rational thinking

Characteristics of a non hostage situation

What are some hostage situation strategies?

Delaying tactics, lower expectations, build trust and rapport, make HT work for everything, encourage peaceful surrender

What are some non hostage situation strategies?

Lower emotions, increase rational thinking, empathy and rapport, active listening

Positive effects of the passage of time

Lower emotions, increase rationality, reduces stress, expectations are reduced, rapport and trust

Negative effects of the passage of time

Exhaustion, boredom, pressure for resolution, expense, media

What is negotiable?

Food, Drinks, Transportation, Money, Media Coverage, Talk to friends/family

What is not negotiable?

Weapons, Alcohol, Drugs, Exchange of hostages, Release of prisoners

Indicators of Negotiation Progress

No additional injuries, Reduced threats, lowered emotions, increased rationality, passage of deadlines

Indicators of high risk?

Absence of positive indicators, threats or injury to hostages, no substantive demands, no escape demands, suicide

REACCT Model.

Recognition, Engagement, Assessment, Contracting, Control, Terminating/Transfer

SAFE Model

Substantive Demands, Attunement, Face, Emotional Distress

What are the 3 types of sieges?

Deliberate, Spontaneous, Anticipated

HT initiates incident, is rational and wants to negotiate

Deliberate Siege

HT does not anticipate a confrontation with police, motivation is personal, victim turned hostage

Spontaneous Siege

Expect law enforcement to initiate incident, demands are substantive

Anticipated Siege

Types of Demands

Instrumental, Expressive, Substantive, Non-Substantive

Getaway car, money, release of prisoners

Instrumental Demands

goal oriented but subjective in nature, unique to the HT (ex: wanting to talk to his ex-wife, have boss apologize for issue)

Expressive Demands

Demands that have real value to the HT, may be expressive or instrumental

Substantive Demands

Demands that have no real meaning to anyone, including the HT and the Hostage

Non-Substantive Demands

3 factors used to assist in the initial violence risk assessment.

Context, Containment, Communication

Stages of Change

Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action

Stairway to Change

Active Listening, Empathy, Rapport, Influence, Behavioral Change

occur from environment and others around you

Situational Factors

Personality traits, temperament, genetics

Dispositional Factors

Factors that predict the possibility of violence?

Personality, situational, biological

3 main uses of intelligence in negotiations

Understand motivation, predict risk to others, predict risk to self

Process of Intelligence Fusion

Planning, Collection, Collation, Analysis, Dissemination

Intelligence Spectrum

Descriptive, Explanatory, Evaluative, Estimative

4 Stages of Intelligence Gathering

Pre-Crisis, Chaos Phase, Stabilization Phase, Post-Incident Phase

Tactics in Communication

Attitude, Dumb but trying, Buddy-fellow traveler, Problem Solver, Firm

Attitude Communication

concerned, caring, interested

Dumb but trying Communication

lets see what my boss says about that

Buddy-fellow traveler communication

works well with anti-socials, impulsive people, I hear you

Problem solver Communication

lets work together to be sure everyone is safe

Firm communication

good with depressed, lets take the next step slow, so nobody gets hurt

How to get past no - William Ury Negotiation Model

Dont React, Use time, Allow HT to save face, Make HT think it was his choice,

4 Magic words

That reminds me of