Animal Phys lectures 1-5

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BIO 3315

60 Terms

1

what is negative feedback?

a system which returns to a stable point

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2

what is positive feedback?

reinforced deviations from stable points

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3

what is a homeotherm?

animal able to keep body temperature constant

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4

what is a poikilotherm?

animal that's temperature changes with its environment

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5

what is a endotherm?

animal who internally generates their temperature

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6

what is an ectotherm?

animal reliant on external heat generation

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7

what is temperature regulation?

the maintenance of physiological core body temperature by balancing heat generation through heat loss

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8

what is temperature conformity?

animals who can only survive in narrow environment ranges

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9

what are acute physiological changes?

immediate change in response to the environment, which will return to its previous state.

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10

what are chronic physiological changes?

long-term acclimation to a situation, reversible once stimuli is taken away

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11

what are evolutionary physiological changes?

alteration of gene frequencies over multiple generations exposed to a new environment

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12

what are developmental physiological changes?

changes in the physiology of individual animals that occur in a programmed way

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13

what are periodic physiological changes?

changes in physiology of individual animals that occur in repeating patterns

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14

what is the phospholipid bilayer?

phosphate group + lipids

polar, hydrophilic head

non-polar, hydrophobic tail

*Amphipathic is polar and non-polar

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15

what is an integral protein?

protein that are part of the membrane that spans the width and cannot be removed

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16

what is a peripheral protein?

proteins bonded weakly to one side of the membrane. are not attached, but interact with the membrane

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17

what is cholesteral?

aka sterols

  • located on phospholipids

enhances bilayer cohesiveness allowing it to be more resistant to mechanical stress & temp

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18

what are carbohydrates?

  • located on the extracellular side of the membrane

  • attachment sites for proteins and cell recognition sites

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19

what are factors influence membrane fluidity?

  • ease of motion of phospholipids

  • saturation of hydrocarbons

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20

what are epithelial cells?

sheet of cells covering cell body surface, organs, or cavity

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21

what is the function of epithelial cells?

compartmentalize different parts of the body

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22
<p>what type of epithelial tissue is this?</p>

what type of epithelial tissue is this?

squamous

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23
<p>what type of epithelial tissue is this?</p>

what type of epithelial tissue is this?

cuboidal

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24
<p>what type of epithelial tissue is this?</p>

what type of epithelial tissue is this?

columnar

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25

what are microvilli?

membrane projections used to increase surface area of epithelial cells

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26

what is a primary structure?

a string of amino acids, "backbone", with strong bonds

  • 22 total genome coding possible

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27

what is a secondary structure?

local folding patterns of amino acids in helix or pleated sheets

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28

what is a tertiary structure?

total 3D structure of a protein including side chains off of an amino acid backbone

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29

what is a quaternary structure?

protein including interactions between multiple protein molecules called subunits

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30

what is ubiquitin-proteasome?

small proteins that tag faulty proteins, and proteasome destroys them

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31

what is proteostasis?

the regulation of balanced/functioning proteomes

  • maintains body equilibrium

  • composes and destroys misfolded proteins

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32

what is protein denaturation?

altered/warped 3D structures caused by temperature change and toxins

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33

how are proteins repaired?

molecular chaperones:

channels, transporters, enzymes, receptors, & structural proteins

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34

what are enzymes?

molecules responsible for catalyzing a chemical bond

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35

what influences reaction rate?

amount of given enzyme, dependent on tissues and individual species

  • ligand-gated

  • g protein-coupled

  • enzyme-linked

  • intracellular receptors

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36

how does an ionotropic receptor work?

ligand binds to receptor on proteins, and opens channels to allow ions to pass through cell membranes

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37

how does a g protein-coupled receptor work?

ligand binds to receptor in membrane, g protein is activated and exerted on intracellular effect

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38

how does an intracellular receptor work?

ligand binding, receptor activation, translocated to the nucleus where DNA is bonded and transcribed.

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39

what is genotype?

underlying genetic condition

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40

what is phenotype?

expressed characteristics of an organism

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41

how do genomes change over time?

accumulation of base changes over time, that can be duplicated into other genes

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42

what is synonymous substitution?

changes in sequence that produce the same amino acid

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43

what is non-synonymous substitution?

changes to the amino acid sequence

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44

how are genes encoded?

DNA transcription -> mRNA -> translation to a protein

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45

what is a promoter?

regulatory region upstream of transcription start site where RNA polymerase binds for transcription

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46

what is an enhancer?

regulatory region affecting gene transcription, not always at the start site

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47

what are transcription factors?

various proteins bind to DNA to help recruit RNA polymerase to transcription start

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48

what is a genome?

full set of genetic material, unchanging

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49

what is transcriptome?

profile of expressed mRNA (based on tissue, environment, aging)

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50

what is proteome?

profile of expressed protein (based on tissue, exposure, aging)

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51

how are cells specialized for tissue-specific functions?

different subsets of genes are expressed in different cell types

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52

what are the different was to study physiology?

"top-down"- overall response -> specific organs, tissues, cells

"bottom-down"- specific organs, tissues, cells -> overall response

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53

what is phenotype plasticity?

ability of an animal with a given genotype to ultimately express different phenotypes

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54

what is polyphonic development?

genetically identical individuals that take on 2+ body forms

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55

what is ultimate mechanisms?

evolutionary explanations for a particular trait/behavior development

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56

what is proximate mechanism?

immediate, underlying causes of biological function/behaviors

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57

what is DNA methylation?

epigenetic modification in which methyl groups attach to DNA influencing transcription

  • found in cytosines in genome

  • blocks gene transcription in promoter

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58

what are histone modifications?

post-transitional epigenetic modification in histone proteins

  • crucial for gene expression

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59

histone methylation vs.. histone acetylation

methylation=closed chromatin

acetylation=open chromatin

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60

what is maternal programming?

impact of a mother's care during the developmental and long-term health of offspring

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