ENGLISH AA REVISION

active voice

active voice

direct, clear

passive voice

indirect, detached

adjectives

adds detail to make the text more interesting

alliterations and assonance

adds emphasis, reinforces meaning and draws attention to key words or ideas

appeals

triggers an emotional response, evokes feelings of guilt, shame, concern, fear or pride, honour and satisfaction

attack

belittles opponents arguments

bias

strengthens the argument and gives authority to the author

cliche’

can sway audience by appealing to something with which they are familiar with, makes the audience feel informed

colourful language

provides humour, may offend conservative audience, and establishes and informal register

connotation

encourages the audience to accept implication, seeks to persuade audience to share a particular view

design and structure

persuades through association, establishes genre and context and can manipulate audience emotions

evidence

lends the argument weight and

formal language

creates a sophis

generalisation

seeks to validate a theory or contention, can be inferred to be evidence and can detract or undermine

informal language

conversational establishes a rapport with the audience, humourous

gesture

helops

exaggeration

creates a dramatic effect, imagery

imagery

inclusive and exclusive language

targets or accuses groups, creates a sense of solidarity

irony

can egender support through use of humour, can evoke emotional responses

logic

appeals to reason

nouns

adds detail

repitition

memorable, highlights main ideas, hypnotic rhythm

rhetorical question

encourages audience to consider issue and accept authors answer

sarcasm

can provide humour, mocks or questions logic

satire

makes a point in a humorous fashion, mocks, or questions logic

provocative language

appeals to an audiences prejudice, reinforces stereotypes, can offend or alienate critical audiences

appeal to sense of justice

a deep-seated belief that we all have the right to be treated fairly

appeal to a sense of security

this plays on our need to feel safe and free from unexpected attack

appeal to being modern and up to date

this appeal plays on people's desires to be part of 'the scene' or the in­-crowd, seen to be a source of popularity and acceptance

appeal to family values

This is often stereotyped as trouble-free with two loving and patient parents of two or three well-adjusted children

appeal to fear

It is easy to play on this because people tend to respond emotionally when their safety, security, country and those dear to them appear to be threatened.

appeal to fear of change

As most people tend to resist change, this is a common way to play on people's insecurities and increase their desire to cling to what they know.

appeal to freedom

This appeal taps into people's deep desires for a sense of unrestricted possibilities

appeal to group loyalty

This is an appeal to the need to stick together under any circumstances.

appeal to hip-pocket nerve

This appeal persuades readers to feel concerned for their financial wellbeing, making them feel `ripped off' or overcharged.

appeal to patriotism

This is a devotion to the homeland and a readiness to support or defend the country

appeal to self interest

This refers to the way we put our own needs before the needs of others

appeal to tradition and custom

This is an appeal to retain lifestyles. It is also an appeal to retain links with the past and to value history and heritage

Appeal to value of technology

This is powerful because it plays on a fear that failure to embrace new developments will result in lost efficiency, lack of progress, lack of competitive edge or a poor global image.