History 102 Midterm

Ottoman Turks

Muslim empire that is a threat to Christianity in Western Europe. They took over the Byzantine Empire and was led by Mehmed II who killed the last Constantinople Emperor. This leads to the renaissance. They are located in modern day Turkey and southern Mediterranean.

Nation State

countries that borders become more clearly defined. They consist of the beginning of a more **organized government, standardized taxes, and Bureaucracy**. We have these now because the centralization and bureaucratization, The Roman Catholic Church decline and monarch’s rise, vernacular-nation culture, War, Expansion and Competition. Italy and Germany are examples of these.

Fall of Constantinople

This involved 100,000 Ottoman soldiers vs. 8,000. It lasted 57 days and involved assaults by Canons and Sea. It connected mediterranean and the Black Sea (could put a bridge there), so it means a lot to the Ottoman because they can put a tax on it to cross over. The after math consisted of “Terror of the Turks”, spread of Islam, End of “Rome”, and TRADE ROUTES. Constantinople was the key of running the Empire.

Reconquista

the reconquering of Territory that Muslims had taken over in Spain. Spain takes back the land with the help from Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand, and Isabella. Bartolome De Las Casa was a soldier during the Reconquista.

Protestant Reformation

Indulgences and corruption because the Church was charging indulgences for Sins. They would make you pay the Catholic Church when you sin which would reduce time in purgatory. You could also do this for yourself or others who already died. They wanted money so they could build Saint Peters.

Protestant

Bibles and teaching in vernacular (common local language), the printing press, salvation by faith alone and not doing some sort of job, rejection of the pope, splinter groups. **Appeal**: No pope, Equality, Variations

Martin Luther

Had 95 theses and was very Catholic and lived in a monastery. He was convinced only faith will get you into heaven. On the night before all saints day he went to the doors of the church and nails up 95 statements accusing pope and Catholic Church of a bunch of crimes. This occurred during the end of the Renaissance period, so people are open to his ideas. He was later charged guilty of Heretic, but he ran away and married a Catholic Nun who left the church. The caused a major split in Christian church. (Catholicism vs. Protestantism)

Diet of Worms

Martin Luther’s Trial

Heretic

someone who is preaching abasing the doctrine of The Catholic Church

Counter Reformation

Catholic Reformation; In France, the Huguenot persecution is going on which was basically the death of 70,000 people because they chose to go to a different Christian Church. France then settles Hudson valley and Canada. This later lead to the 30 year was in the Roman Empire which started over religion. The Catholic Church makes reforms and gets rid of indulgences.

Jesuits

Priest; job is to make sure reforms are carried out

Huguenot

French protestants

Chinampas

floating islands that were used to grow crops

Aztec

Valley of Mexico that used the Chimp system. They had tributes states, rigid social Classes, slaves, religious traditions, and Tenochtitlan. Their most popular religious tradition was believing they need to water the ground with human blood. La note Triste was the beginning of the end of the Aztec Empire because Montezuma was killed.

Inca

Located in South America and they had a agricultural surplus (storehouses), the Royal Highway, a rest station (had to have permission from Incan Emperor), and they are highly centralized. They were diverse and had no written language. They had an army conscripted of 200k men. They also had quipu and Mit’a

Quipu

Different strings and colors with knows on it; form of communication.

Mit’a

tax to the government; ex. keeping up with storage houses for the government and doing work for the government

Royal Highway

25K Miles of Interconnected roads

Tenochtitlan

Capital City of Mexico that was located in the middle of the lake

Montezuma

The Aztec ruler who rules over a loose empire of 5 million people; very unstable

Pacharcuti

Earth Shaker; Ruled Incan Empire

Hernando Cortes

Spanish Conquistador that hears rumors about a city of Gold, so he gathers men and goes to the east coast of Mexico. He burns the ships, so no one leaves him and when he lands he has to navigate the Aztec Empire. His mistress, Malinche, helped him take them down. Beginning of the Spanish Rule. Lead the La Noche Trust and killed Montezuma and helped end the Aztec Empire

La Malinche

Cortes mistress who was a native woman from a possibly royal family. She Spoke a lot of local languages and comes the main translator. This is how she finds out which tribes are loyal to the Aztecs and helps Cortes take them down. Without her, Cortes wouldn’t have been as successful.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish Conquistador who only had 168 men, 1 canon, and 27 horses with hopes to conquer the Incan Empire. Thankfully for him, smallpox hit the Incan empire and reduced their population. He also finds out how unlikeable the Incan are and that there is a civil war between the emperor to a feast and make him to covert to Christianity or else they would kill him and his men. The mend refused to convert so they were killed, and the emperor converted but they killed him too.

Columbian Exchange

Consisted of Migration Routes (north and south), plants and animals in the new world vs. old world, settled agriculture (maize, potatoes, tomatoes squash, beans, NO GRAINS). Increased cross cultural interactions

Old world

had more cattle, more grains

New World

Less domesticated animals, more corn

Treaty of Tordesillas

Between Spain Portugal. The pope said Spain gets everything the **west** of the line and Portugal gets everything to the **east**.

3 G’s

Gold, God, and Glory

Middle Passage

only four feet of personal space on the ship, 20% don’t make it and are tossed overboard, once they end up in the New world they are auctioned off.

Triangle Trade Route

Between Americas, Europe, and Africa

Europe to American Colonies

Manufactured goods, luxuries

Europe to Africa

weapons, tools

American Colonies to Europe

food and raw materials (cotton and timber)

Africa to Europe

gold, spices

Africa to West Indies

slavesw

West Indies to Europe

Sugar and molasses

West Indies to American Colonies

sugar, molasses, and slaves

Absolutism

monarchs supreme authority, unrestricted. They are usually hereditary; problematic first-born son is going to inherit, sometimes they are bad sometimes they are good. Usually long dynasties, theatre of the state and war (requires money), and depend on nobility (lower class is taxed)

Divine Right

the idea that you are sanctioned by god, which is something you can’t debate as a commoner, subject to no earthy authority, This eventually clashes with legislature

English Civil War

Between Roundhead (Puritans) and Cavaliers (Royalists); Started over lack of religious freedom, and they don’t like the way King Charles is ruling (dissolves parliament, etc.) Charles is later arrested and beheaded.

James II

Brother of Charles II (Son of Charles I); Openly catholic; Marries a protestant commoner and has two daughters (Mary and Anne). Then Marries a Catholic Italian Princess and their son becomes King, but everyone becomes upset because he is raised Catholic, but England is a protestant.

Glorious Revolution

The restoration of Monarchy; William of Organ is invited to invade, he is married to Mary (James II oldest daughter). Parliament has enough power to quietly exile James II. This begins the Reign of Willam and Mary.

English Bill of Rights

Officially establishes a Constitutional Monarchy begins. This limit the power of a monarch and gives power back to parliament. Give parliament power to tax, chose who takes the thrown, right to appointments, and right to declare war.

Louis XIV

**Sun King.** Becomes king at 4 years old , so his mom and other people helped him. Part of the Bourbon dynasty in France and feared a civil war. Believed in **divine right and absolutism**, sold titles, and destabilized nobility. He **persecuted the Huguenots**. Was in debt due to making a palace and from war. His debt and successors debt led to a revolution. Louisiana named after him.

Versailles

Originally a hunting lodge/ get away for the French that was built by Louis XIV because he was scared to be overthrown. This is how he controls his nobility because he makes them live there so they know who is really in charge.

Hinduism

most popular religion in India (born in India); goal is liberation of the cycle of rebirth; **polytheistic**, **caste system,** never totally unified north to south, diverse tribal groups and languages, and they honor cows so they don’t eat beef. They believed in a caste system because the god Purusha sacrificed his body which grouped different people into different systems.

Polytheistic

multiple gods

Caste System

grouping people by their jobs and wealth

Brahims: priests and teachers

Kshatriyas: warriors and rulers

Vaishyas: farmers, traders, and merchants

Shudras: laborers

Dalits: street sweepers, latrine cleaners

Sikhism

“Syncretic Faith”; mix of hindu and muslim; Monothesistic with Hindu Ritual, 5th largest religion in the world, most live in India

Mughals

founded by Babur and comes from Central Asia. Turkish Mongol Descendants, Persian Culture, more freedom for women, centralization and Bureaucracy, building projects, emphasis on conquest, and expansion. Spreads south and east tremendously.

Problems with Mughals

Religious diversity, family infighting/instability (divide inheritance), unruly south , border wars (expensive/distracting), trade with other Muslim countries, Europeans

Decline of Mughals

Wars of succession, weak successors, empty treasury, invasions (Persia), challenge of regional powers, size of empire.

Sati

Hindu upper caste practice; means “Chases or good wife”, basically when their husband were cremated a good wife would jump onto them and be burned alive

Sharia

Based on the Holy Book of Islam the Koran; Provides guidance, way of living

Zheng He

Admiral of the Yongle’s navy. He was muslim and traded with primarily Muslims. He led 7 voyages and his ships had 28,000 soldiers (to expand trade). He expanded trade, but once he died the new leader didn’t want to trade so all the ships rotted.

Han

large Chinese ethnic group that takes over about 90% of China today. Ming was the last dynasty ruled by them

Ming

Post-Mongol Rule; Built the Great Wall to keep the Mongols out

Recovery of Ming

They had rapid population growth, Tribute states, secret military technology, new porcelain technique, contraction in trade, but political stabilization, Urbanization

Collapse of Ming

massive, weak emperors, Little Ice Age, Conquered by Manchus that came from North

Eunuchs

won’t have children so they can’t overthrow them

Little Ice Age

Dip in temperature, during warming period you grow more crops the population increases, but then the temperature crashes the crops fail another is still a large population so it leads to mass starvation

Growth in Crops

leads to growth in population, which is a growth in urbanization

Ming Tribute States

Korea, Vietnam and Japan

Great Wall

built to keep out Nomadic invasions, however can’t keep out the Mongols and large scales invasions

Neo-Confucianism

Confucianism+Daoism+Buddhism; Syncretic Religion

Confucianism

hierarchy, social order, respect

Daoism

nature, balance

Buddhism

moderation, contentedness

Manchu

Rule the Qing Dynasty, Manchu queue to show loyalty, and conquered the Ming Dynasty

Qing

Used a banner system, ended most border threats, foot binding for women, European (Portuguese) Merchants, Christian Missionaries that followed the trading ships that came along. Russian treaties over boundary disputes

Queue Edict

Shave top of the head and have long hair in the back to show loyalty to the Manchu

Canton System

Restricted Trade; if you wanted to trade with them, it could only be in a certain area through Canton. This increased British demand for tea, porcelain, and silk which makes Britain a huge empire. The British East India Company begins, Kowtow Controversy

Kowtow Controversy

A British voyager didn’t Kowtow (form of respect) to the Emperor and said that if he did that then they would have to bow down to King Henry

Shogun

military leaders that called the shots

Tokugawa Shogunate

establishes new capital (Capital at Eco), tells the nobility they must live at Ego so he knows what’s going on , Daimyo and families, and increased roads and economy. Made social classes permanent, elevated military, adopted Neo-Confucianism, tries to prevent another civil war. Only values swords, destroyed all firearms, Britain arrives with guns so it backfires, Missionaries and merchants are expelled, Christianity is banned, and there is a mass persecution due to Japanese subject forbidden to leave because they got rid of all oceangoing ships

Japanese Culture

strong economy, population growth, education, women in business, Kabuki Theater, woodblock printing

Scientific Revolution

followed the renaissance and reformation, weaker church, safer to question old assumptions, professionalization of science. Steam Engine technology, microscope, telescope, and barometer are discovered.

Enlightenment

natural laws that govern human society to improve society, philosophies, urban and secularization, elite movement

Salons

Women have salons to invite their friends and a man to host a lecture and lead discussion

Social Contract

governments origins (an agreement), what are the state’s power over individuals, right to revolt, rights and responsibilities of government and people

Laissez-Faire

“let you do” or “leave alone”

Enlightened absolutism

top-down/elitist, religious toleration, reforms, patronage of philosophes

Frederick the Great

King of Prussia and makes it the powerhouse of Europe/Germay states. He tried to run away he was being crowned Prince but was captured by his father and forced to watch his boyfriend be beheaded. Fought in a lot of wars and builds the military. His palace was the **sanssouci** palace which was filled with art, philosophical enlightenment, and he planned his wars there. He was the most successful of the **Enlightened Absolutist** and he considered himself servant of the state. He was very religiously tolerant, picked who got appointed to which offices (civil service reforms)

Catherine the great

Prussian absolute monarch during French and American Revolution and married Peter III. It wasn’t good she was Prussian because Russians didn’t like people from Germany. She succeeds her husband and expands the borders of Russia, there were constant uprisings because she had a lot of people plotting against her. This was during Russia’s Golden Age, so she expanded education, modernization, few reforms, harsh put down of revolts, didn’t end serfdom (peasants), she believed the wealth of the church belonged to the state, and she criticized the French Revolution.

Declaration of Independence

Takes big ideas of enlightenment and puts it on paper. Written by Thomas Jefferson. Basically, says all men are created equal, address natural right (life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness), Social Contract is broken, is considered capstone of Enlightenment

Louis XVI

Married Marie Antoinette and he calls the estates (clergy, nobility, everyone else) to Versailles because he wants money to tax the first and second estate for the first time. They vote against it. He is later beheaded which kicks off the reign of terror

Clergy

church employee; people that are priest, bishops, etc. (Can’t be born into clergy). Don’t pay taxes

Nobility

dukes, lords, etc. Doesn’t pay taxes

Everyone else

97% of population, has no title, don’t have to be poor. Pays taxes

National Assembly

3rd estate

Reign of Terror

Radical phase led by Maximilian Robespierre that began when Louis XVI was beheaded. This established Committee of Public Safety, New calendar days to get rid of everything France did in the past, suppression of Christianity because wanted to worship reason and executed nuns who refuse to go against their faith.

Maximilien Robespierre

led the Reign of Terror but was later executed by his own people which ends the Reign of Terror

Napoleon Bonaparte

Led coup d’erat, restored the Roman Catholic Church, he took the crown from the pope and crowned himself and his wife which signaled to the people that he is more important than the church and the army. Lots of successful victories at first , then failed. He lost most of his troops in Russia’s winter. He was exiled twice.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Haitian General whose slaves revolt and causes the Haitian Revolution which ultimately leads to Haiti’s Independence

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan dictator of Peru and Gran Colombia who gained independence from Spain, was inspired by Napoleon; “George Washington of South America”

Capitalism

Economic system that consits of private individual ownership of capital (stuff it takes to do you business), wage labor, and owner gets profit. Based on economy and ideology, sometimes associated with democracy. The movement away form Capitalism came from workers.

Impacts of Capitalism

Expansionists, Commodification, Property Rights Codified, **Freedom**, Mobility, higher standard of living, hard work/innovation needed

Cons of Capitalism

Business cycles, governments later on provide sisal safety nets (unemployment insurance, welfare), and economic safety net.

Karl Marx

Communist who lived through the Industrial revolution. There was economic inequality and class conflict/struggle. Believed profit= exploitation and theft and that revolution was inevitable. Believed there was a messy in between stage between socialism and Communism