Biology Final - Calvin Cycle

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27 Terms

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Photosynthesis

process autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose),

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Autorophs

Organisms that produce their own food via photosynthesis

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Chlorophyll

Green pigment in chloroplast, reflects green light

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Chloroplast

Where photo occurs, contain thylakoids (sight of light rxn) and stroma (cite of calvin cycle)

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Thylakoid

contains pigment for light absorption, in chlorophyll

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Stroma

Where Calvin cycle happens, fluid filled space in chloroplast

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RuBP (Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate)

  • 5-carbon sugar

  • Bind CO2 in the Calvin Cycle

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Rubisco

  • Enzyme that catalyzes CO2 fixation w/ RuBP

  • Most abundant protein on earth

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G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

  • Used to make glucose

  • 3-carbon sugar produced in the Cal Cycle

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ATP & NADPH

Energy produced in light rxn and used in the Calvin cycle

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Photorespiration

  • Wasteful process where Rubisco binds O2 instead of CO2

  • Reduces efficiency (hot/dry climate)

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C4 Plants

Plants (e.g., corn) that fix CO₂ into 4-carbon compounds to avoid photorespiration.

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CAM Plants

Plants (e.g., cacti) that open stomata at night to store CO₂ as organic acids, reducing water loss.

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What goes into Calvin Cycle?

  • 3 CO2 molecules

  • 9 ATP

  • 6 NADPH

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What are the 3 phases in the Calvin cycle?

  • Carbon fixation

  • Reduction

  • Regeneration of RuBP

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What happens during the phase of Carbon Fixation?

  • CO2 + RuBP —> splits into 3-phosphoglycerate molecules

  • catalyzed by Rubisco

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What happens during the phase of Reduction?

  • 3-PGA —> G3P

  • using ATP and NADPH

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What happens during the phase of Regeneration of RuBP?

G3P rearranged into 3RiBP using ATP

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What comes out of calvin cycle

  • 1 G3P (make glucose/fructose)

  • ADP + NADP+

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Light reactions - Step 1

  • Occurs in Thylakoids

  • Inputs: H2O and Light

  • Outputs: O2, ATP, NADPH

  • DEPENDS on LIGHT

<ul><li><p>Occurs in Thylakoids </p></li><li><p>Inputs: H2O and Light </p></li><li><p>Outputs: O2, ATP, NADPH </p></li><li><p><strong>DEPENDS</strong> on LIGHT </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Calvin Cycle - Step 2

  • Occurs in Stroma

  • Inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH

  • Outputs: G3P (Sugar)

  • Light INDEPENDENT (but uses its products)

<ul><li><p>Occurs in Stroma </p></li><li><p>Inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH </p></li><li><p>Outputs: G3P (Sugar) </p></li><li><p><strong>Light INDEPENDENT </strong>(but uses its products) </p></li></ul><p></p>
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PEP Carboxylase

Enzyme in C₄ plants that grabs CO₂ fast (better than Rubisco in heat).

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Oxaloacetate (OAA

4-carbon "taxi" that carries CO₂ in C₄ plants.

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Malic Acid

Nighttime CO₂ storage in CAM plants (like a battery).

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Bundle-Sheath Cells

CO₂ processing room in C₄ leaves (keeps oxygen out).

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Chemiosmosis

H⁺ flow makes ATP (like a water wheel generating energy).

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