2 - 3: Overview of plant structures; Plant cell

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85 Terms

1
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development of 2ndary metabolites like tannins, alkaloids (nicotine)

protection from herbivory

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schizogenous development

development of large intercellular spaces thru splitting

<p>development of large intercellular spaces thru splitting</p>
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lysigenous development

development of large intercellular spaces thru cell breakdown

<p>development of large intercellular spaces thru cell breakdown</p>
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rhexigenous development

development of large intercellular spaces thru tearing; elongation/grown of plant so nasstretch

<p>development of large intercellular spaces thru tearing; elongation/grown of plant so nasstretch</p>
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- storage of proteins in seeds

- temporary sugar storage during the day

- malic acid in CAM

vacuole storage: what is stored and in which part?

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vacuole forms lytic compartments (tracheids, vessels)

breakdown of macromolecules, engulfing senescent organelles, programmed cell death through autolysis

<p>breakdown of macromolecules, engulfing senescent organelles, programmed cell death through autolysis</p>
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produce toxic derivatives thru hydrolysis when vacuoles are damaged

how does vacuole detoxify cytoplasm + store defensive chemicals (nicotine, phenols, cyanide, mustard oils)

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glyoxylate cycle

fats --> carbs

<p>fats --> carbs</p>
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charophyte

- ancestral plants in aqua envi; green algae most closely related to modern plants

- submerged in water

- holdfast

- water mechanical support

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- epidermis + cuticle for waterproofing

- stomata for water loss regulation

- separate sources of water + light, meristems

adaptive features of land plants

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- parenchyma

- collenchyma, sclerenchyma (strengthening)

- 2ndary growth

mechanical support of of land plants

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flavonoid compounds (anthocyanin)

protection from UV

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protoplast + cell wall

plant cell primarily consists of the

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protoplast

The contents of a plant cell exclusive of the cell wall.

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plasmodesmata

channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

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14-faced polyhedron

cell wall faces

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air spaces, ducts, lacuna

large intercellular spaces

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1. Cell wall

2. Vacuoles

3. Plastids

4. Glyoxysome

meron sa plant cell wala sa animal cells

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Cellulose (C6H10O5)n

comprise 20-60% of dry weight of cell wall

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micelles

H bonds forming lattices

<p>H bonds forming lattices</p>
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pectins

- non-cellulosic

- in the primary wall of eudicots

- lacking from secondary walls

- hydrophilic and forms gels

- plastic properties, stretch

<p>- non-cellulosic</p><p>- in the primary wall of eudicots</p><p>- lacking from secondary walls</p><p>- hydrophilic and forms gels</p><p>- plastic properties, stretch</p>
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- Meristems low in Ca2+

- During elongation and differentiation high in Ca2+

- Ca2+ increases, plasticity decreases, so elong stops bc cant be stretched anymore bc Ca2+ forms cross-links w pectin

effect of Ca2+ on pectin

<p>effect of Ca2+ on pectin</p>
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Glycoproteins

structural proteins believed to strengthen cell walls (proline-rich proteins, glycine-rich proteins, extensins)

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peroxidase

an enzyme that destroys hydrogen peroxide; defense

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Cellulase and pectinase

enzymes in cell wall degradation (leaf abscission and formation of perforation plate in developing vessel element)

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callose

o Principal cell wall polysaccharide in the developing cell plate

o Deposited between the plasma membrane and existing cell wall

o Deposited rapidly in response to mechanical wounding and stress (pathogen, environment)

<p>o Principal cell wall polysaccharide in the developing cell plate</p><p>o Deposited between the plasma membrane and existing cell wall</p><p>o Deposited rapidly in response to mechanical wounding and stress (pathogen, environment)</p>
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lignin

o Phenolic polymers

o supporting (sclerenchyma) and conducting (xylem) tissues

o secondary walls wood

o Hydrophobic

o compressive strength and bending stiffness

o Resistant to microbial attack

<p>o Phenolic polymers</p><p>o supporting (sclerenchyma) and conducting (xylem) tissues</p><p>o secondary walls wood</p><p>o Hydrophobic</p><p>o compressive strength and bending stiffness</p><p>o Resistant to microbial attack</p>
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- when water leaves, it pulls up the other water below (transpiration)

- strengthens xylem to endure negative pressure

- w/out lignin, it's like sucking on straw pag paubos na tubig

ginagawa ng lignin sa xylem

<p>ginagawa ng lignin sa xylem</p>
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cutin

o Insoluble lipid; waterproof, hydrophobic

o Forms a matrix with wax to form cuticle

o Prevents water loss

o epidermis

<p>o Insoluble lipid; waterproof, hydrophobic</p><p>o Forms a matrix with wax to form cuticle</p><p>o Prevents water loss</p><p>o epidermis</p>
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1. Middle lamella (intercellular substance)

2. Primary wall

3. Secondary wall

cell wall layers

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middle lamella

o Cementing substance between plant cells

o Between two primary walls

o Contains calcium and magnesium pectate

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break down the middle lamella (pectin-rich) for the cells to be separated by treating w enzymes or chemicals

What is the principle behind maceration, a microtechnique preparation that enables observation of individual plant cells?

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primary wall

- First true wall

- Relatively thin (> 1 μm)

- young, growing cells

- simple, mature cells

- meristems, parenchyma

- Cellulose, pectic compounds, hemicellulose, non-cellulose polysaccharide

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lumen

space in xylem vessel elements + tracheids

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pits

o Cavities/discontinuities in thes econdary wall

o Secondary wall deposition, formed over the primary pit fields

o Usually occurs as pit-pairs

<p>o Cavities/discontinuities in thes econdary wall</p><p>o Secondary wall deposition, formed over the primary pit fields</p><p>o Usually occurs as pit-pairs</p>
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Pit membrane

middle lamella+ two primary walls between two pit cavities

<p>middle lamella+ two primary walls between two pit cavities</p>
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late anaphase

1. Cytokinesis initiated byphragmoplast

2. cell plate formed

3. expands centrifugally

4. growth reaches walls of dividing cells

origin of cell wall

<p>origin of cell wall</p>
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vacuoles

- 90% of space of cell, single membrane

- Increase in cell size involves vacuole enlargement

<p>- 90% of space of cell, single membrane</p><p>- Increase in cell size involves vacuole enlargement</p>
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Tonoplast

vacuolar membrane

<p>vacuolar membrane</p>
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cell sap

inorganic ions (Ca2+, Cl-, K+, NO3-), sugars, organic acids, and amino acids in vacuole

<p>inorganic ions (Ca2+, Cl-, K+, NO3-), sugars, organic acids, and amino acids in vacuole</p>
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hypertonic vacuole

more water inside the cell than outside, water will flow out of the cell, and the plant will wilt and possibly die

<p>more water inside the cell than outside, water will flow out of the cell, and the plant will wilt and possibly die</p>
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turgid in hypotonic solution, H2O conc high outside the cell, H2O enters towards the cell

explain the osmotic phenomenon in vacuole

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- CAM plants in arid, dry conditions close stomata during the day, so no CO2 during the day

-stomata opens during the night to acquire CO2

- CO2 is stored in vacuole in the form of malic acid

-in the next day, malic acid is converted back into CO2 for photosynthesis

explain malic acid and CAM

<p>explain malic acid and CAM</p>
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- when Ca2+ high in cell, it binds to oxalate, forming crystals

- crystals deter herbivory by irritating gut

- gabi family

how does vacuole regulate calcium levels and removal of oxalate? what are its functions?

<p>how does vacuole regulate calcium levels and removal of oxalate? what are its functions?</p>
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anthocyanin

- pigment deposition vacuole

- blue, violet, dark red, scarlet colors

- attracts pollinators and seed dispersers

- photo-oxidative damage protection to the leaves as they senesce during fall

- protects against photoinhibition (common in understory plants)

<p>- pigment deposition vacuole</p><p>- blue, violet, dark red, scarlet colors </p><p>- attracts pollinators and seed dispersers</p><p>- photo-oxidative damage protection to the leaves as they senesce during fall </p><p>- protects against photoinhibition (common in understory plants)</p>
46
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formerly photosynthetic bacteria engulfed by a eukaryotic cell

primary endosymbiosis

<p>primary endosymbiosis</p>
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chloroplast

o Sites of photosynthesis

o assimilation starch

o Contain chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments

o Disk-shaped; 3-300 in mesophyll cell

<p>o Sites of photosynthesis</p><p>o assimilation starch</p><p>o Contain chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments</p><p>o Disk-shaped; 3-300 in mesophyll cell</p>
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chromoplast

- ONLY carotenoid

- May develop from previously existing green chloroplasts (e.g. ripening of fruits)

- Chlorophyll and thylakoids disappear

- attractants to pollinators and seed dispersers

<p>- ONLY carotenoid</p><p>- May develop from previously existing green chloroplasts (e.g. ripening of fruits)</p><p>- Chlorophyll and thylakoids disappear</p><p>- attractants to pollinators and seed dispersers</p>
49
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elaioplasts

fats storage leucoplast

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proplastids

- Precursor of all plastids within an adult plant

- Small, colorless plastids in undifferentiated regions of the plant body

- Various kinds of plastids can change from one type to another

<p>- Precursor of all plastids within an adult plant</p><p>- Small, colorless plastids in undifferentiated regions of the plant body</p><p>- Various kinds of plastids can change from one type to another</p>
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etioplasts

contain prolamellar bodies, which are the precursor of thylakoids (turns into thyla when exposed to light)

<p>contain prolamellar bodies, which are the precursor of thylakoids (turns into thyla when exposed to light)</p>
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peroxisomes

- Single-membrane bound organelle

- Lacks DNA and ribosomes

- No internal membranes

- Contains catalase + oxidase

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catalase

splits H2O2 to water and oxygen, turns into non-harmful components

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catalyses reduction of oxygen to water or hydrogen peroxide

oxidase

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interconvertible

trait of peroxisomes depending on presence of fats and appearance of chloroplast

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Leaf-type peroxisomes

involved in glycolic acid metabolism in leaves (associated with photorespiration)

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glyoxysomes

- unique to plants

- glyoxylate cycle in endosperm or cotyledons of germinating seeds

- stored energy --> smn usable

<p>- unique to plants</p><p>- glyoxylate cycle in endosperm or cotyledons of germinating seeds</p><p>- stored energy --> smn usable</p>
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scle even thickening, collen uneven

sclerenchyma vs collenchyma

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conducts water and materials from roots pataas

xylem

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conducts photosynthesis products pababa from leaves

phloem

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efficient hollow tube network, unobstructed flow, structural support, durability

Why are xylem cells like tracheids and vessel elements dead?

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Intercellular spaces

non-contact between some sides of the cell wall faces due to increase in number as cell volume increases (lose contact w adjacent cells); characteristic of mature cells

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- limits size

- prevents rupture when turgid

- physical barrier

- size + shape, final form, texture

- cell-to-cell signaling

cell wall functions

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glucose units forming hbonds —> crystal lattice —> micelles --> microfibrils (bundle) --> macrofibrils (when they wrap around each other)

cellulose molecule strands

cellulose comp

non crystalline form?

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hemicellulose, pectins, glycoproteins

other components of the cell wall (non-cellulosic matrix)

<p>other components of the cell wall (non-cellulosic matrix)</p>
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hemicellulose

non-crystalline glycans attached to cellulose microfibrils

<p>non-crystalline glycans attached to cellulose microfibrils</p>
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Xyloglucan

- eudicots and half of the monocots

- hemicellulose tightly bound with cellulose microfibrils

- limits the extensibility

- regulates cell enlargement

<p>- eudicots and half of the monocots</p><p>- hemicellulose tightly bound with cellulose microfibrils</p><p>- limits the extensibility</p><p>- regulates cell enlargement</p>
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suberin

o Insoluble lipid

o secondary protective tissue (e.g cork cells), endodermal and exodermal cells of roots, bundle sheath surrounding the leaf veins

o Restricts apoplastic movement of water and solutes

o barrier to microbial penetration

<p>o Insoluble lipid</p><p>o secondary protective tissue (e.g cork cells), endodermal and exodermal cells of roots, bundle sheath surrounding the leaf veins</p><p>o Restricts apoplastic movement of water and solutes</p><p>o barrier to microbial penetration</p>
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secondary wall

- Deposited when cell growth has ended

- some protoplasts die leaving a lumen

- Found in cells that have strengthening and water conduction functions

-Contains lignin

- Contains more cellulose than primary wall and pectic substances are lacking (therefore rigid)

<p>- Deposited when cell growth has ended</p><p>- some protoplasts die leaving a lumen</p><p>- Found in cells that have strengthening and water conduction functions</p><p>-Contains lignin </p><p>- Contains more cellulose than primary wall and pectic substances are lacking (therefore rigid)</p>
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primary pits

o Thin areas in the primary walls

o Plasmodesmata aggregates

<p>o Thin areas in the primary walls</p><p>o Plasmodesmata aggregates</p>
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Primary pit fields

clusters of primary pits

<p>clusters of primary pits</p>
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phragmoplast microtubules

- system of microtubules appearing betw 2 sets of daughter xmosomes

- scaffolding 4 assembly of the cell plate

<p>- system of microtubules appearing betw 2 sets of daughter xmosomes</p><p>- scaffolding 4 assembly of the cell plate</p>
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As cell wall formation is completed, some parts of he ER are entrapped within the developing wall, leading to the formation of plasmodesmata

plasmodesma formation

<p>plasmodesma formation</p>
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isotonic vacuole

does not result in any net movement of water in/out of the cell, however, a plant cell may become flaccid (soft, drooping or inelastic)

<p>does not result in any net movement of water in/out of the cell, however, a plant cell may become flaccid (soft, drooping or inelastic)</p>
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hypotonic vacuole

higher concentration of water molecules outside the cell than inside, and water will flow into the cell; high turgidity; optimal condition for plant cells

<p>higher concentration of water molecules outside the cell than inside, and water will flow into the cell; high turgidity; optimal condition for plant cells</p>
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Photoinhibition

refers to a decline in photosynthesis efficiency resulting from excess excitation by light

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plastids

- Double-membrane

- Stroma, thylakoids, granum, stroma

- Reproduce by binary fission

- Semi-autonomous (endosymbiosis)

<p>- Double-membrane</p><p>- Stroma, thylakoids, granum, stroma</p><p>- Reproduce by binary fission</p><p>- Semi-autonomous (endosymbiosis)</p>
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have DNA, can synthesize own proteins

what does it mean that plastids are semi-autonomous

<p>what does it mean that plastids are semi-autonomous</p>
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like cyanobacteria, plastids have circ DNA + repro by binary fission

Name a few similarities between a bacterium and the plastid

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assimilation starch

Temporary storage of starch

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embedded in the thylakoid membranes (photosystems)

saan ang chlorophyll and carotenoids

<p>saan ang chlorophyll and carotenoids</p>
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antioxidant (prevent photooxidative damage); to attract seed dispersers and pollinators due to its color

purpose of carotenoids

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leucoplast

- Non-pigmented plastids

- Least differentiated

<p>- Non-pigmented plastids</p><p>- Least differentiated</p>
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amyloplast

starch storage leucoplast

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proteinoplast

protein storage leucoplast