VERTEBRATES REVIEWER (Quiz based)

Squamata

Reptiles - terrestrial amniote tetrapods with scales and lungs and 3-ish to 4 chambered hearts
ex. lizards and snakes

Testudines

Turtles and tortoises

Crocodilia

alligators, crocodiles, and related species

Anura

Amphibians - semiaquatic tetrapods with split lives & 3-chambered hearts “tailless ones”
ex. frogs

Urodela

“Tailed ones” - ex. salamanders and newts

Apoda

“Legless ones” - caecilians

Chonrichthyes

Fish - aquatic tetrapods with scales, gills, and 2 chambered hearts
ex. shark and rays

Agnathans

Jawless fishes - ex. hagfish and lampreys

Osteichthyes

Bony fish - ex. mahi-mahi, tilapia, halibut, puffer fish, tetras, guppies

Ratites

Birds - terrestrial amniote tetrapods with feathers and lungs and 4 chambered hearts
Ex. ostriches, emus, kiwis

Passeriformes

Perching birds - ex. jays, sparrows, crows.

Aquatic Birds

Ducks, swan, geese

Raptors

eagles, falcons, hawks

Monotremes

Mammals - terrestrial amniote tetrapods with lungs, hair, and mammary glands and 4 chambered hearts.

ex. echidna and platypus

Marsupials

Kaola, kangaroo, opossom

Placentals

humans, bears, tigers, giraffes, deer, pigs, dogs, cats, raccoons, squirrels, whales, walruses, manatees, etc.

Ovoviviparous

Eggs are fertilized inside the parent and hatch inside the parent and are born live

Oviparous

Eggs are laid in a nest or in the ground and hatch

Viviparous

Internal fertilization with live-born young (as soon as the egg is fertilized, it becomes an embryo and develops as a fetus.)

Gills

Respiratory structure that uses countercurrent exchange to extract from water

Hermaphrodite

Some organisms are capable of producing both male and female gametes; few are capable of self-fertilization; most exchange sperm; evolutionary adaptation for solitary and slow-moving or sessile organisms

Ectotherm

organism that must gain (or lose) heat from the environment to maintain body temperature; metabolism is NOT sufficient to heat the body; most invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and reptiles.

Endotherm

organism that maintains a stable body temperature through metabolism; few reptiles, most birds, and mammals, insects.

Tetrapod

Vertebrates with 4 limbs located in pectoral and pelvic girdles

Cloaca

Common opening to the outside of the body through which fecal material, nitrogenous waste, and gametes pass; common to amphibians, reptiles, and birds.

Keel

Stemum modified for flight muscle attachment

Dentition

tooth pattern; varies with diet; Ex. reptilian dentition is characteristically uniform, teeth for capturing prey, mammalian dentition varies significantly (carnivores, herbivores, insectivores, baleen, omnivores)

Preen gland

Gland located on the base of the tail, especially in aquatic birds, that produces oil for waterproofing the feathers.

Gizzard

Chamber of the stomach

Scales

small, platelike structure covering an organism (or parts of an organism).
ex. sharks and fish