SKELETAL SYSTEM

(konting awa lng)

Skeleton

Divided in 2 major parts

Axial Skeleton

the skull, It includes vertebral column (spine), and rib cage.
along with ligaments and muscles, allow the human body to maintain its upright posture.

Appendicular Skeleton forms

the appendages and their attachments to the axial skeleton.
It includes the bones of the arms and legs, hands and feet, and shoulder and pelvic girdles.
make possible locomotion and other movements of the appendages.

Function of the skeletal system

• Support, shape and protection

• Movement

• Hematopoiesis

• Mineral storage and Homeostasis

Hematopoiesis

is the process in which blood cells are produced. This process occurs in a tissue called red marrow, which is found inside some bones, including the pelvis, ribs, and vertebrae

Red marrow

synthesizes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Mineral Storage and Homeostasis

is storing minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus.
This storage function is related to the role of bones
the right levels of calcium and other minerals are needed in the blood for the normal functioning of the body

Type of bones

• Flat bones

• Long bones

• Short bones

• Irregular bones

• Sesamoid bones

Long bones

function to support the weight of the body and facilitate movement

are mostly located in the appendicular skeleton and include bones in the lower limbs

Long bones examples:

(the tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals, and phalanges) and bones in the upper limbs (the humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges).

Short bones

are about as long as they are wide

provide stability and some movement

Short bones example

The carpals in the wrist (scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, hamate, pisiform, capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium) and the tarsals in the ankles (calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and medial cuneiform) are examples of short bones.

Irregular bones

They often have a fairly complex shape, which helps protect internal organs
vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other category

irregular bones examples

the vertebrae, irregular bones of the vertebral column, protect the spinal cord, (pubis, ilium, and ischium)

Sesamoid bones

are bones embedded in tendons. These small, round bones are commonly found in the tendons of the hands, knees, and feet.
function to protect tendons from stress and wear

Sesamoid bones example

kneecap

Number of bones

How many bones are there in skull?

22 bones of skull

How many bones are there in braincase?

8 Bones

How many bones are there in facial bone?

14 Bones

Axial Skeleton examples:

skull, laryngeal skeleton, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

Skull consist of what?

cranial bones and facial skeletal

Skeletal Bones pic:

Facial skeleton examples

mandible, maxillae (r,l), zygomatics (r,l), and the bones that give shape to the nasal cavity: lacrimals (r,l), nasals (r,l), vomer, palatines (r,l), and the nasal conchae (r,l).

Cranial bones examples

occipital bone, parietal bone (r,l), temporal bone (r,l), frontal bone, sphenoid, and ethmoid

Skull Sutures

are immobile joints where cranial bones are connected with dense fibrous tissue

fontanelles

In fetuses and newborn infants, cranial bones are connected by flexible fibrous sutures, including large regions of fibrous membranes

The four major cranial sutures

• lambdoid suture

• coronal suture

• sagittal suture

• squamous sutures

lambdoid suture

between the occipital and parietal bones

coronal suture

between the frontal and parietal bones

sagittal suture

between the two parietal bones

squamous sutures

between the temporal and parietal bones

What are the bones in inner ear?

malleus, incus, and stapes

Laryngeal Skeleton

It is located between the trachea and the root of the tongue

Hyoid Bone

bone provides an anchor point
The movements of the laryngeal skeleton both open and close the glottis and regulate the degree of tension of the vocal folds, which–when air is forced through them– produce vocal sounds

Vertebral Column

formed by a series of 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx

How many series are there in vertebrae?

series of 24 vertebrae

Cervical spine numbers

(C01-C07)

Thoracic spine

(T01-T12)

Lumbar spine

(L01-L05)

3 main bones in vertebral?

Vertebrae, Sacrum, Coccyx

how many bones are there in Cervical?

7 bones

how many bones are there in thoracic?

12 bones

how many bones are there in lumbar?

5 bones

how many bones are there in Sacral?

1 bone

how many bones are there in Coccygeal?

1 bone

What are the function of Vertebral Column

•Supports weight of the head & trunk

•Protects spinal cord

•Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord

•Provides site for muscle attachment

•Permits movement of the head & trunk

Cervical Vertebrae

Have very small bodies, except for atlas(which has no body)

Atlas

first cervical vertebrae; hold ups the head; Nodding movement, “yes” motion of head

Axis

tilting of the head; shaking of head, “no” motion of head

Thoracic Vertebrae

Possess long, thin spinous process that are directed inferiorly.

Lumbar Vertebrae

have large, thick bodies & heavy, rectangular transverse & spinous process.

Sacrum

5 sacral vertebrae are fused into single bone.

Coccyx

tail bone, consist of 4 more-or-less fused vetebrae

Axis and Cervical vertebrae picture":

Thoracic vertebra and Lumbar vertebra

Anterior and Posterior view of Vertebrae

Thoracic cage

formed by the ribs and sternum, protects internal organs and gives attachment to muscles involved in respiration and upper limb movement. The sternum consists of the manubrium, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process.

What are the true ribs?

Ribs 1-7

What are the false ribs?

Ribs 8-12

RIbs 11-12 is also known as?

Floating ribs

Appendicular Skeleton

make up the rest of the skeleton, and are so called because they are appendages of the axial skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton examples:

Shoulder Girdle, Upper Limbs, Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs,

shoulder girdle consists of??

scapulae and clavicles

upper limbs includes??

bones of the arm (humerus), forearm (radius and ulna), wrist, and hand. The only bone of the arm is the humerus, which articulates with the forearm bones–the radius and ulna– at the elbow joint

Ulna

is the larger of the two forearm bones.

Wrist Bones

carpus, consists of eight carpal bones
also called carpals

What are the 8 carpal bones?

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezoid, Trapezium, Capitate, Hamate

Hand Bones

includes 8 bones in the wrist, 5 bones that form the palm, and 14 bones that form the fingers and thumb

Metacarpals

bones that form the palm of the hand are called?

Pelvic girdle

is a ring of bones attached to the vertebral column that connects the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

What are the 3 irregular bones om the pelvic girdle?

ilium, ischium, and pubis

What is the difference of Female and Male Pelvis ?

The female pelvic brim is larger and wider than the male’s. female pelvis (over 90 degrees)

the male pelvis (less than 90 degrees). The male pelvis is deeper and has a narrower pelvic outlet than the female’s.

Anterosuperior part of the pelvis

Lower limbs

include the bones of the thigh, leg, and foot

Femur

is the only bone of the thigh

Bones in the lower limbs

Femur, Patella, Tibia and Fibula, Tarsus, Metatarsals, Phalanges

Foot bones

consist of the tarsal bones of the ankle, the phalanges that form the toes, and the metatarsals that give the foot its arch

Foot bones has?

five metatarsals, five proximal phalanges, five distal phalanges, but only four middle phalanges (as the foot’s “big toe” has only two phalanges).

Ankle bones

tarsus, consists of seven tarsal bones

Ankle bones examples

the calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiforms.

Foot Arches

They serve as shock-asborbing structures that support body weight and distribute stress evenly during walking.

How many arches are there in Foot arches?

3 Arches, Transverse arch, Longitudinal arch, Longitudinal arch

Joint

hold the skeleton together and support movement

what are the 2 categorize joints?

Range of motion and Organization of joints by structure

Synarthroses

include skull sutures, the articulations between the teeth and the mandible, and the joint found between the first pair of ribs and the sternum

Amphiarthrosis

include the distal joint between the tibia and the fibula and the pubic symphysis of the pelvic girdle

Diarthrosis

include many bone articulations in the upper and lower limbs. Examples of these include the elbow, shoulder, and ankle.

Fibrous Joints

is thick connective tissue, which is why most (but not all) fibrous joints are immovable (synarthroses)

3 types of Fibrous joints

Sutures, Gomphoses, Syndesmosis

Sutures

are nonmoving joints that connect bones of the skull. These joints have serrated edges that lock together with fibers of connective tissue.

Gomphoses

The fibrous articulations between the teeth and the mandible or maxilla

Syndesmosis

is a joint in which a ligament connects two bones, allowing for a little movement (amphiarthroses). The distal joint between the tibia and fibula

Cartilaginous Joints

Joints that unite bones with cartilage

2 types of cartilaginous

Synchrondosis and symphysis

Synchrondosis

is an immovable cartilaginous joint. One example is the joint between the first pair of ribs and the sternum.

symphysis

consists of a compressable fibrocartilaginous pad that connects two bones

Synovial Joints

are characterized by the presence of an articular capsule between the two joined bones. are protected by a coating of articular cartilage.