HOSA Career Development Chapters 5-8

Types of Laws

Criminal Law, civil law

Criminal Law

Deals with wrongs against a person, property, or society (e.g., practicing without a license)

Civil Law

• Focuses on disputes between individuals, often involving contracts or torts.

Torts in Health Care

malpractice, negligence, assault and battery, invasion of Pracy, false imprisonment, abusement

Malpractice

• Defined as "bad practice" or professional negligence.

• Example: A surgeon leaving a surgical instrument inside a patient.

Negligence

• Failure to provide expected care, leading to harm.

• Example: Not repositioning a bedridden patient, resulting in bedsores.

• Assault and Battery:

• Assault: Threat or attempt to injure.

• Battery: Unlawful touching of a person without consent.

• Example: Performing a medical procedure without patient consent.

Invasion of Privacy:

• Unnecessarily exposing a patient or sharing confidential information.

• Example: Posting patient information online.

• False Imprisonment:

• Restricting a patient’s freedom without justification.

• Example: Using physical restraints without a physician’s order.

Abuse

• Any action causing physical, verbal, psychological, or sexual harm.

• Example: Verbal threats or neglecting a patient’s needs.

Different Contracts in Health Care

Implied Contracts, Expressed Contracts

Implied Contracts

• Understood without verbal or written terms (e.g., a patient rolling up their sleeve for a blood draw).

Expressed Contracts

• Clearly stated in written or oral form (e.g., consent forms for surgeries).

• Legal components include offer, acceptance, and consideration.

HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)

• Enacted in 1996 to protect patient privacy and confidentiality.

• Ensures secure handling of medical records and personal health information (PHI).

• Breaches of HIPAA can result in severe penalties.

Patients Rights

Patients have the right to get respectful and good care, make informed decisions about their treatment, refuse said treatment, review their medical records, and to have privacy and confidentiality of all personal and medical info

Principles of Ethics

Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Justice, Fidelity

Autonomy

•  Respecting a patient’s right to make their own decisions.

Beneficence

•  Acting in the best interest of the patient.

Nonmaleficence

Avoiding harm to the patient

Justice

Treating all patients fairly and equally.

Fidelity

Keeping promises and maintaining trust.

1. Ethical Dilemmas in Health Care:

Arise when moral values conflict, requiring careful decision-making.

1. Code of Ethics:

• Professional organizations provide guidelines for ethical conduct.

• LIke the AMA code of ethics outlines standards for physicians

1. Types of Advanced Directives:

Living Wills, Durable Power of Attorney (POA), Do Not Resuscitate (DNR)

• Living Will:

• Documents a patient’s wishes for end-of-life care (e.g., refusal of life support).

• Durable Power of Attorney (POA) for Health Care:

• Appoints a person to make health care decisions on behalf of the patient if they become incapacitated.

• DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) Orders:

• Instructs health care workers not to perform CPR if the patient’s heart stops.

1. Importance of Advanced Directives:

• Helps ensure patient wishes are respected.

• Reduces conflicts among family members and health care providers.

Mandatory Reporting

health care workers are legally required to report suspected abuse, certain communicable diseases, injuries from violent acts

Steps for managing ethical issues

identify the dilemma and gather facts, consult relevant laws, policies, and ethical guidelines, involve the healthcare team and an ethical committee if necessary, and communicate transparently with the patient and family

Respecting Diversity

• Understand how cultural beliefs impact health care decisions.

• Example: Some cultures may refuse blood transfusions or organ donations.

1. Effective Communication to people who are from different cultural backgrounds

• Use interpreters and culturally appropriate materials to explain legal and ethical issues.

Intro to medical terminology

• Medical terminology provides a standardized language for health care professionals.

• Comprised of prefixes, root words, and suffixes that convey specific meanings.

• Essential for accurate communication, documentation, and patient care.

Prefixes

• Located at the beginning of a word.

• Modify the meaning of the root word by indicating location, time, or amount.

1. Root Words:

• The main part of the word that provides its fundamental meaning.

Suffixes

• Located at the end of the word.

• Indicate conditions, diseases, or procedures.

1. Combining Vowels:

• Usually "o" or "i" used to connect root words and suffixes for smoother pronunciation.

1. Steps to Interpret Medical Terms:

• Identify the suffix and its meaning.

• Locate the prefix (if present) and understand its modification of the root.

• Combine meanings to interpret the full term.

1. Rules for Combining Words:

• Drop the combining vowel if the suffix begins with a vowel.

• Retain the combining vowel if the suffix begins with a consonant.

• Always use a combining vowel between two root words.

General Abbreviations

BP: Blood Pressure

HR: Heart Rate

NPO: Nothing by mouth

PRN: As needed

Diagnostic and Procedural Abbreviations:

CT: Computed tomography, MRI: Magnetic Resonance imaging, CBC: Complete Blood Count

1. Time Abbreviations:

• BID: Twice a day.

• TID: Three times a day.

• QID: Four times a day.

Anatomy

• Study of the structure and relationships between body parts.

Physiology

Study of the functions of body parts and systems.

• Levels of Organization:

Chemcial Level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level

1. Skeletal System:

• Structure: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.

Function: Provides structure, protects organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals.

1. Muscular System:

• Structure: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

• Function: Facilitates movement, maintains posture, and produces heat.

1. Cardiovascular System:

• Structure: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries).

Function: Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste; regulates body temperature.

1. Respiratory System:

• Structure: Lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm.

• Function: Exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between air and blood.

1. Digestive System:

• Structure: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas.

• Function: Breaks down food for nutrient absorption and eliminates waste.

1. Nervous System:

• Structure: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

• Function: Controls body activities, senses, and responses.

1. Endocrine System:

• Structure: Glands like the thyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands.

Function: Produces hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

1. Urinary System:

• Structure: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

• Function: Removes waste from blood and regulates water and electrolyte balance.

1. Reproductive System:

• Structure: Male (testes, penis) and female (ovaries, uterus) organs.

• Function: Produces offspring and regulates sexual characteristics.

1. Integumentary System:

• Structure: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands.

• Function: Protects against infection, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information.

Anterior/Posterior

• Front and back.

Superior/Inferior

• Above and below.

Medial/Lateral

•  Toward the midline or away from it.

Proximal/Distal

Closer to or farther from the point of attachment.

Sagittal Plane

Divides body into left and right.

Transverse Plane

Divides body into top and bottom

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

• Divides body into front and back.

Dorsal Cavity

• Includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

Ventral Cavity

 Includes thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Homeostasis

• The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Cell

• Basic unit of life.

Tissue

•  Group of cells with similar structure and function.

Organ

• Structure composed of tissues working together.

System

•  Group of organs performing a common function.

1. Using Anatomical Terms:

Practice locating body parts using directional terms

1. Identifying Disorders by System:

• Understand how symptoms relate to specific systems.

Introduction to Human Growth and Development

• Human growth and development encompass physical, emotional, social, and cognitive changes throughout the lifespan.

• Understanding these changes is crucial for providing age-appropriate care

Stages of Development

Infancy, Early Childhood, Late childhood, Adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood

1. Infancy (0-1 year):

• Physical Development:

  • Rapid growth in height and weight.

  • Reflexes: Rooting, sucking, and grasping.

• Cognitive Development:

  • Begins to recognize caregivers and respond to stimuli.

  • Develops basic problem-solving skills.

• Emotional Development:

  • Forms attachments to caregivers.

  • Expresses emotions like joy, fear, and anger.

• Social Development:

  • Smiles and imitates expressions.

  • Begins to interact with others.

1. Early Childhood (1-6 years):

• Physical Development:

  • Improved motor skills (running, climbing).

  • Growth slows but remains steady.

• Cognitive Development:

  • Rapid language acquisition.

  • Development of basic reasoning and memory.

• Emotional Development:

  • Develops self-awareness and independence.

  • Experiences frustration and temper tantrums.

• Social Development:

  • Engages in parallel and cooperative play.

  • Begins forming friendships.

1. Late Childhood (6-12 years):

• Physical Development:

  • Steady growth with improvements in strength and coordination.

  • Permanent teeth replace primary teeth.

• Cognitive Development:

  • Logical thinking and problem-solving.

  • Mastery of reading, writing, and arithmetic.

• Emotional Development:

  • Increased self-confidence and individuality.

  • May experience peer pressure.

• Social Development:

  • Stronger peer relationships.

  • Understands teamwork and collaboration.

1. Adolescence (12-18 years):

• Physical Development:

  • Puberty: Hormonal changes leading to sexual maturation.

  • Growth spurts and development of secondary sexual characteristics.

• Cognitive Development:

  • Abstract thinking and reasoning.

  • Increased focus on future goals.

• Emotional Development:

  • Search for identity; may experience mood swings.

  • Struggles with self-esteem and independence.

• Social Development:

  • Strong peer influence.

  • Begins forming deeper relationships.

1. Early Adulthood (19-40 years):

• Physical Development:

  • Peak physical condition.

  • Slow decline in physical abilities toward the later years.

• Cognitive Development:

  • Continued refinement of problem-solving and decision-making skills.

  • Establishment of career goals.

• Emotional Development:

  • Focus on forming lasting relationships.

  • Balancing personal and professional life.

• Social Development:

  • Marriage and family formation.

  • Expanding social and professional networks.

1. Middle Adulthood (40-65 years):

• Physical Development:

  • Gradual aging: Decreased vision, hearing, and strength.

  • Onset of chronic health conditions.

• Cognitive Development:

  • Expertise and knowledge peak.

  • May experience minor memory issues.

• Emotional Development:

  • Focus on legacy and contributions.

  • Midlife crises and adjustments to life changes.

• Social Development:

  • Adjusting to an empty nest.

  • Increasing focus on community and professional roles.

1. Late Adulthood (65+ years):

• Physical Development:

  • Marked decline in strength and health.

  • Increased risk of illness and disability.

• Cognitive Development:

  • Memory loss and slower cognitive function (may include dementia).

  • Wisdom and accumulated knowledge.

• Emotional Development:

  • Reflection on life achievements.

  • Coping with loss of loved ones.

• Social Development:

  • Reduced social circles.

  • Importance of staying connected through family and community

1. Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development:

• Eight stages, each with a unique conflict:

  • Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy).

  • Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence).

  • Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood).

1. Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development:

• Four stages of mental development:

  • Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Learning through sensory input and movement.

  • Concrete Operational (7-11 years): Logical thinking and understanding conservation.

1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:

• Pyramid of human needs, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.

1. Stages of Grief (Elisabeth Kübler-Ross):

• Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

1. Hospice and Palliative Care:

• Focus on comfort and quality of life for terminally ill patients.

• Emotional and psychological support for patients and families.

• Providing Age-Appropriate Care:

• Adjust communication and treatment approaches based on developmental stage.

• Recognizing Developmental Delays:

• Early intervention can improve outcomes for children with developmental challenges.