PBS Biomed EOC

Principles of Biomedical Science PLTW EOC study guide

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

a medial imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to take pictures of the soft tissues of the body

Differential diagnosis

based on information like an individual's medical history, current symptoms, and the results of physical exams, routine testing, and blood work, a doctor develops this list of possible diseases/disorders

Eukaryote

organisms that have membrane-bound organelles

Somatic cell

any cell in the human body that is not a sex cell (egg or sperm)

DNA

a type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases; double-stranded and helical and functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses

Nitrogenous base

adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

Chromosome

tightly coiled DNA that is found in the nuclei of cells; humans have 46

Chromatid

one half of the chromosome

Centromere

part of the chromosome where the two chromatids are connected

Telomeres

protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that prevent the chromosome from getting damaged or sticking to other chromosomes

Mitosis

a process that takes place in the nucleus of a dividing cell, it involves the doubling and separation of genetic material and results in the formation of two new nuclei, which each have the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus

Interphase

DNA replicates so that there are two copies of each chromosome

Prophase

chromosomes condense and become visible under a light microscope and they pair up with their sister chromatids, the mitotic spindle forms, and the nuclear envelope disappears

Metaphase

chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, fibers attach to each of the sister chromatids and will pull each chromatid to opposite pulls of the cell

Anaphase

each chromosome separates and the sister chromatids are pulled to the opposite poles of the cell

Telophase + Cytokinesis

the cells split into two, each new daughter cell looks identical to the original cell

DNA replication

process of copying DNA during mitosis, happens during interphase, ends with two complete sets of DNA, each with an original and new strand

Helicase

enzyme that unzips DNA for DNA replication

DNA Polymerase

the enzyme that builds a new DNA strand

Tumors

lumps or masses of tissue caused by uncontrolled cell division that are characterized as benign or malignant

Benign

cancerous tumors that are generally considered harmless, they will not spread to other parts of the body or invade other tissues

Malignant

also known as cancerous tumors, harmful and can invade other tissues or spread to other parts of the body if not treated

Metastasis

the spread of cancerous cells to other tissues or parts of the body

Basal Cell Carcinoma

type of skin cancer that originates in the basal cell layer of the epidermis, basal cells are mutated and replicate uncontrollably, they form tumors within the skin and on the surface

Epidermis

outermost layer of skin that makes cells to replace about 40,000 old skin cells, and has melanin

Genes

a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein, resulting in a specific phenotype

Mutation

a rare change in genetic material, which ultimately creates genetic diversity within a species

Protein synthesis

the creation of a protein from a DNA template

mRNA (messenger RNA)

what DNA is transcribed to (egg)

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

what mRNA sits on to transcribe (pan)

tRNA (transfer RNA)

brings amino acid and anticodon (ends up being the same as DNA but with U's instead of T's, is NOT translation)

AUG (met)

start codon

UAA, UGA, UAG

stop codons

Substitution mutation

one DNA base is switched for another (ex: A to G)

Insertion mutation

one DNA base is inserted into a gene sequence

Deletion mutation

one DNA base is deleted from a gene sequence (the worst mutation)

Genome

complete set of the genes in one organism

Allele

any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at the same place on a chromosome (ex: genes responsible for blood type are on chromosome 9)

Prognosis

the likely course a disease will take over an individual's lifetime

FH (familia hypercholesterolemia)

autosomal dominant genetic condition in chromosome 19 that causes LDL, making you more likely to have atherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries)

Direct-to-consumer (DTC) gene testing

testing done through a healthcare provider to determine the predisposition (increased likelihood) to certain diseases

Cytogenetics

laboratory technicians who harvest cells from biological samples

Karyotype

an image of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape

Nondisjunction

an accident during mitosis or meiosis, in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to move apart properly

p arm

short arm chromosome structure

q arm

long arm chromosome structure

Deletion

segment of a chromosome is removed or lost

Duplication

occurs when a segment of the chromosome is replicated and inserted next to the original copy

Inversion

occurs when part of a chromosome is placed in the wrong orientation compared to the rest of the chromosomes

Insertion

occurs when a part of one chromosome is removed and aded to another chromosome

Translocation

occurs when two chromosomes swap

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

laboratory technique to amplify DNA

Gel electrophoresis

separation of nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge for analytical purposes

Restriction enzymes / restriction endonuclease

a degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts DNA at these sequences

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)

variations in DNA fragment sizes produced when DNA is cut with restriction enzymes and the variation is due to differences in each organism's DNA sequence

Meiosis

cellular process that results in the number of chromosomes in gamete-producing cells being reduced by half, also involves a reduction division, in which one pair of each pair of paired chromosomes passes to each daughter cell

Prophase I

chromosomes pair up with their matching chromosomes called homologous chromosomes & crossing over

Metaphase I

homologous chromosomes line up at center of the cell, fibers attach

Anaphase I

each chromosome separates and the sister chromatids are pulled to the opposite poles of the cell

Telophase + Cytokinesis I

cell splits into 2, each new daughter cell look identical but are genetically different from the original cell

Prophase II

chromosomes pair up with their matching chromosomes called sister chromatids

Metaphase II

chromosomes line up at center of both cells and fibers attach to each of the sister chromatids

Anaphase II

each chromosome separates and the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

Telophase + Cytokinesis II

nucleus forms around each set of chromosomes, 4 daughter cells are produced with half the number of chromosomes from the original

Medical history

a record of information about a patient's past and current health, includes information about patient's habits, lifestyle, and even the health of their family

Chief complaint

the patient's description of what they feel is their main health problem

Physical signs

pieces of evidence that indicate an illness that can be observed externally, such as a rash, coughing, or elevated temp.

Symptoms

any subjective evidence of disease a patient perceives, such as aches, nausea, or fatigue, allow the health care provider to narrow down the possible conditions that may be affecting the patient and then run tests to make a diagnosis

Diagnosis

the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs

Components of a Medical History - Current History

the patient's chief complaint and any other current health issues, symptoms, and any treatments or tests the patient has recently had or is scheduled to have related to these conditions

Components of a Medical History - Previous History

includes info about any past health issues, procedures, medications, vaccinations, and previous hospital stays

Components of a Medical History - Social History

addresses aspects of the patient's life, such as living situation, occupation, school, travel, and other activities that could have a direct or indirect impact on health

Components of a Medical History - Family History

includes medical info about the patient's close relatives

Patient liaison

medical professionals who connects patients with healthcare providers for their needs; key point of contact between patients and healthcare providers (ADDED BY LEAH)

Demeanor

outward behavior or bearing; a doctor might have a cheerful, peaceful, or friendly demeanor and put the patient at ease

Tact

discretion and sensitivity in dealing with others; a doctor might choose their words carefully to not upset a patient when they deliver bad news

Empathy

ability to understand and share the feelings of another person

Vital signs

measurements - specifically pulse rate, temperature, respiration rate, and blood pressure, that indicate the state of a patient's essential body functions

Homeostasis

the maintenance of stable internal physiological conditions which enables the optimal functioning of an organism

Pulse

the rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction

Respiratory rate

the number of breaths an organism takes per minute

Blood pressure

the pressure that blood exerts upon the walls of blood vessels, especially arteries, usually measured with a sphygmomanometer and expressed in millimeters of mercury

Body Mass index

a measure of body fat that is the ratio of weight of the body to its height

Formula to calculate Body Mass Index

Weight / Height (in inches)^2 x 703

Lung/Breathing Sounds

the sound and clarity of breaths using a stethoscope and measured as a description of sound (wheezing, clear, crackles)

Oxygen saturation

amount of oxygen in blood measured in percentage using a pulse oximeter

Systolic pressure

measures the pressure generated in the arteries by the heart's left ventricle during systole

Systole

heart contracts to push blood throughout the body

Diastolic pressure / diastole

measures the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats, when the heart is relaxed

Hypertension

an abnormally high blood pressure

Cornea

outermost layer of eye that helps shield from germs and dust

Cancer

disease caused when the cells divide uncontrollably

Melanoma

most serious form of skin cancer that develops when you're frequently exposed to sun in the face, limbs and back

ABCDE System

evaluating whether a mole is normal or abnormal

A (Asymmetry)

one half of the mole does not match the shape of the other half

B (Border)

the edges of the mole are irregular or jagged

C (Color)

the mole is not one uniform color, but shows different colors or shades throughout

D (Diameter)

the diameter of the mole is larger than a pencil eraser

E (Evolving)

the mole appears to be changing shape, color, size, overtime

Clear lung sound

clear whoosh of air with each inhalation and exhalation