Organization of the Human Body

Anatomy

the study of structure and shape of the body and its parts

Physiology

how the body and its parts function and emphasizes that the structure of the part determines how it will function

Homeostasis

ability of the body to maintain constant internal environment

Smallest level of organization

atom

Level of organization made up of atoms

molecule

Level of organization made up of molecules

organelles

Level of organization made up of organelles

Cells

Level of organization made up of cells

Tissues

Level of organization made up of tissues

organ

Level of organization made up of organs

organ system

Level of organization made up of organ systems

Organism

Chemical level

consists of atoms which form molecules and compounds

Cellular level

cell basic structure and functional unit of an organism

Four basic tissue types

Muscle, Epithelial, Connective, and Nervous

Example of Muscle Tissue

Cardiac

* Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and allows for voluntary movement.
* Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood.
* Smooth muscle is found in the walls of organs and blood vessels, and helps with involuntary movements.

Example of Epithelial Tissue

* The outer layer of your skin (epidermis).
* The lining of your intestines.
* The lining of your respiratory tract.
* The lining of your abdominal cavity.
* Your sweat glands

Example of Connective Tissue

adipose tissues

cartilage tissues

bone tissues

blood tissues

lymphatic tissues

Example of Nervous Tissue

found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Life Processes

Metabolism

Responsiveness

Movement

Growth

Differentiation

Reproduction

Catabolic RXNs

provides the energy needed to sustain life through the breaking down of food materials

Anabolic RXNs

uses the energy from breaking down to make numerous substances

Metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Responsiveness

the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and/or external environment

Movement

includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even structures within cells

Growth

refers to the increase in size of existing cells, the number of cells, or the amount of substance surrounding cells

Differentiation

the process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized

Reproduction

refers to the formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacement, or the production of new individual

Homeostasis is controlled mainly by these two main systems

nervous and endocrine systems

A stress

any stimulus that attempts to disrupt homeostasis

negative feedback

in which the reaction of the body (output) counteracts the stress (input) in order to maintain

What feedback system is most used in the body?

Negative feedback

An example of negative feedback

Body temperature control (Shivers when cold, Sweats when hot)

Positive Feedback System

output intensifies the input

An example of a positive feedback system

Contractions in Childbirth

Components of a Feedback System

1. Receptor
2. Sensory Neuron
3. Control Center
4. Motor Neuron
5. Effector

Anatomical Position

body is erect

facing forward

upper extremities are at the sides

palms of hands facing forward

feet are flat on the floor

Superior

above or towards the head

inferior

below or towards the feet

Anterior/Ventral

towards the front of the body

Posterior/Dorsal

towards the back of the body

Medial

towards the midline

Lateral

away from the body midline

Intermediate

between lateral and medial structures

Proximal

nearer to the point of attachment of an extremity to the trunk or a structure (arms and legs)

Distal

farther from the point of attachment of an extremity to the trunk or a structure (arms and legs)

Superficial

on or near the body surface (skin)

Deep

inward or away from the surface of the body

Sagittal Plane

vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

Midsagittal Plane

the right and left parts are equal in size

Parasagittal Plane

the right and left parts are unequal in size

Frontal Plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Horizontal Plane

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

The two principal cavities are…

Dorsal and Ventral

Dorsal Cavity is subdivided into…

Cranial and Spinal Cavity

Cranial Cavity

space within the skull containing the brain

Spinal Cavity

extends from the cranial cavity through the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord

Ventral Cavity is subdivided into…

Thoracic Cavity

Mediastinal Cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

What divides the ventral cavity?

diaphragm

What is the top middle abdominopelvic region?

Epigastric

What is the top right abdominopelvic region? (From outside perspective)

Left hypochondriac

What is the middle middle abdominopelvic region? (From an outside perspective)

Umbilical Region

What is the middle left abdominopelvic region? (From an outside perspective)

Right lumbar region

What is the bottom middle abdominopelvic region? (From an outside perspective)

Hypogastric

What is the bottom left abdominopelvic region? (From an outside perspective)

Right iliac

Facial

Pertaining to the face

Cephalic

Pertaining to the head

Frontal

Pertaining to the forehead

Orbital

Pertaining to the eye

Otic

Pertaining to the ear

Nasal

Pertaining to the nose

Buccal

Pertaining to the cheek

Oral

Pertaining to the mouth

Cranial

Pertaining to the skull

Occipital

Pertaining to the back of head

Cervical

Pertaining to the neck

Thoracic

Pertaining to the chest

Pectoral

Pertaining to the breast area

Sternal

Pertaining to the breast bone

Abdominal

Pertaining to the abdomen

Ventral

Pertaining to the belly

Umbilical

Pertaining to the navel

Coxal

Pertaining to the hip

Pelvic

Pertaining to the pelvis

Pubic

Pertaining to the genital area

Dorsal

Pertaining to the back

Scapular

Pertaining to the shoulder blade region

Vertebral

Pertaining to the spine

Lumbar

Pertaining to the lower back or loin region

Acromial

Pertaining to the highest point of the shoulder

Brachial

Pertaining to the arm

Antecubital

Pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow

Olecranal

Pertaining to the posterior surface of the elbow

Antebrachial

Pertaining to the forearm

Carpal

Pertaining to the wrist

Digital

Pertaining to the fingers or toes

Inguinal

Pertaining to the groin where the thigh attaches to pelvis

Gluteal

Pertaining to the buttocks

Femoral

Pertaining to the thigh

Patellar

Pertaining to the anterior surface of the knee

Popliteal

Pertaining to the posterior surface of the knee