Comparative Government Unit 1

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Last updated 11:35 PM on 9/22/24
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35 Terms

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Comparative Politics

The study and comparison of domestic politics across countries

Looks at politics INSIDE countries

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International Relations

Concentrates on the relations BETWEEN countries

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Power

The ability to direct the behavior of others through coercion, persuasion, or leadership

The ability to influence others or impose one’s will on them

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Authority

Legal right to exercise power on behalf of the society and/or government

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Sovereignty

The ability to carry out actions and policies within a territory and independent of external actors and interna rivals

The degree in which a state can control its own territory and independently make and carry out policy

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Nation

A group of people who identify themselves as belonging together because of cultural, geographic, ethnic or linguistic ties

A group that desires self-government through an independent state

Does not need, and often do not have, sovereignty

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State

A political system that has sovereignty (political power) exercised over a population in a defined geographic territory through a set of public institutions such as an army, police, taxation, a judiciary

The organization that maintains a monopoly of violence over a territory

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Nation-State

An independent state that exists for a single nation, it is the ultimate goal of most nationalists

The cases in which national identification and sovereign political authority largely coincide

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Nationalism

A pride in one’s people and the belief that their own sovereign political destiny that is separate from those of others

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Citizenship

An individual’s relationship to the state; the individual swears allegiance to the state, and the state in turn provides certain benefits or rights

This is purely political and thus more easily changed than ethnic identity or national identity

The basis for patriotism (pride in one’s state and citizenship)

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Regime

The fundamental norms and rules of politics

Embodies long term goals that guide the state with regard to individual freedom, and collective equality, where power should reside, and how power should be used

A pattern of organization for a government (often described in a constitution or supreme law)

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Government

The part of the state with legitimate public authority

The group of people and organizations that hold political authority in a state at any one time

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Legitimacy

A value whereby people recognize and accept something or someone as right and proper

Widely accepted and recognized by the public

Created power that relies not on coercion but consent

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Cleavages

Tensions within any given nation or state

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Coinciding Cleavages

Several tensions within any given nation or state simultaneously

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Cross-Cutting Cleavages

When divisions in a society split into many potential groups that may conflict one issue but cooperate on another

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Radical

Belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made in the existing society, often including the political system.

Usually think that the current system cannot be saved and must be overturned and replaced with something better

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Liberal

Supports reform and gradual change rather than revolution

Generally, do not believe that the political and/or economic systems are broken, but they do believe that they need to be repaired but they almost always believe that gradual change is the best

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Conservatives

Less supportive of change in general

Tend to see changes as disruptive, and they emphasize the fact that it sometimes brings unforeseen outcomes

They consider the state and the regime to be very important sources of law and order that might be threatened by making significant changed in the way that they operate

Legitimacy itself may be undermined, as well as the basic valued and beliefs of the society

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Reactionary

Go further to protect against change than do conservative beliefs

Oppose both revolution and reform, but they differ in that they also find the status quo unacceptable

Want to turn back the clock to and earlier era, and reinstate political, social, and economic institutions that once existed

Willing to use violence to reach their goals than are liberals or conservatives

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Socialism

Emphasis limited personal freedoms and a strong state to achieve goals

Property is owned by the state

State is in charge of production and other economic decisions

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Anarchism

Favors a limited state role in society and economic activity

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Liberalism

Supports private property and markets but believes in a strong role for the state in regulating the economy and providing benefits

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Fascism

Stresses a low degree of personal freedom and equality in order to achieve a powerful state

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Communism

Stresses the elimination of the state and private property as a way to achieve both freedom and equality

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Empirical Data

based on factual statements and stats

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Normative Statements

value judgements (is something good or bad)

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GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

everything produced inside a country

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GNP (Gross National Product)

GDP and income from outside country

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GNP per capita

GNP per person

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PPP (Purchasing Power Parity)

What people can buy with income in the local economy

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SPI (Social Progress Index)

capacity of country to meet basic needs of its citizens and create conditions necessary for individuals to reach full potential

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GINI index

economic inequality index (the higher the number the greater the inequality)

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HDI (Human Development Index)

well-being of country’s people factoring in literacy, life expectancy, education, and GDP

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Populism

focuses on enemies of “The People“ rejection of pluralism ad liberalism (limited government) with an emphasis on individual leader (executive)