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Comparative Politics
The study and comparison of domestic politics across countries
Looks at politics INSIDE countries
International Relations
Concentrates on the relations BETWEEN countries
Power
The ability to direct the behavior of others through coercion, persuasion, or leadership
The ability to influence others or impose one’s will on them
Authority
Legal right to exercise power on behalf of the society and/or government
Sovereignty
The ability to carry out actions and policies within a territory and independent of external actors and interna rivals
The degree in which a state can control its own territory and independently make and carry out policy
Nation
A group of people who identify themselves as belonging together because of cultural, geographic, ethnic or linguistic ties
A group that desires self-government through an independent state
Does not need, and often do not have, sovereignty
State
A political system that has sovereignty (political power) exercised over a population in a defined geographic territory through a set of public institutions such as an army, police, taxation, a judiciary
The organization that maintains a monopoly of violence over a territory
Nation-State
An independent state that exists for a single nation, it is the ultimate goal of most nationalists
The cases in which national identification and sovereign political authority largely coincide
Nationalism
A pride in one’s people and the belief that their own sovereign political destiny that is separate from those of others
Citizenship
An individual’s relationship to the state; the individual swears allegiance to the state, and the state in turn provides certain benefits or rights
This is purely political and thus more easily changed than ethnic identity or national identity
The basis for patriotism (pride in one’s state and citizenship)
Regime
The fundamental norms and rules of politics
Embodies long term goals that guide the state with regard to individual freedom, and collective equality, where power should reside, and how power should be used
A pattern of organization for a government (often described in a constitution or supreme law)
Government
The part of the state with legitimate public authority
The group of people and organizations that hold political authority in a state at any one time
Legitimacy
A value whereby people recognize and accept something or someone as right and proper
Widely accepted and recognized by the public
Created power that relies not on coercion but consent
Cleavages
Tensions within any given nation or state
Coinciding Cleavages
Several tensions within any given nation or state simultaneously
Cross-Cutting Cleavages
When divisions in a society split into many potential groups that may conflict one issue but cooperate on another
Radical
Belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made in the existing society, often including the political system.
Usually think that the current system cannot be saved and must be overturned and replaced with something better
Liberal
Supports reform and gradual change rather than revolution
Generally, do not believe that the political and/or economic systems are broken, but they do believe that they need to be repaired but they almost always believe that gradual change is the best
Conservatives
Less supportive of change in general
Tend to see changes as disruptive, and they emphasize the fact that it sometimes brings unforeseen outcomes
They consider the state and the regime to be very important sources of law and order that might be threatened by making significant changed in the way that they operate
Legitimacy itself may be undermined, as well as the basic valued and beliefs of the society
Reactionary
Go further to protect against change than do conservative beliefs
Oppose both revolution and reform, but they differ in that they also find the status quo unacceptable
Want to turn back the clock to and earlier era, and reinstate political, social, and economic institutions that once existed
Willing to use violence to reach their goals than are liberals or conservatives
Socialism
Emphasis limited personal freedoms and a strong state to achieve goals
Property is owned by the state
State is in charge of production and other economic decisions
Anarchism
Favors a limited state role in society and economic activity
Liberalism
Supports private property and markets but believes in a strong role for the state in regulating the economy and providing benefits
Fascism
Stresses a low degree of personal freedom and equality in order to achieve a powerful state
Communism
Stresses the elimination of the state and private property as a way to achieve both freedom and equality
Empirical Data
based on factual statements and stats
Normative Statements
value judgements (is something good or bad)
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
everything produced inside a country
GNP (Gross National Product)
GDP and income from outside country
GNP per capita
GNP per person
PPP (Purchasing Power Parity)
What people can buy with income in the local economy
SPI (Social Progress Index)
capacity of country to meet basic needs of its citizens and create conditions necessary for individuals to reach full potential
GINI index
economic inequality index (the higher the number the greater the inequality)
HDI (Human Development Index)
well-being of country’s people factoring in literacy, life expectancy, education, and GDP
Populism
focuses on enemies of “The People“ rejection of pluralism ad liberalism (limited government) with an emphasis on individual leader (executive)