ap hug unit 2 vocab

population distribution

The pattern in which humans are spread out on Earth’s surface

Eurasia

A massive piece of land on Earth that consists of Europe, with just under 10 percent of the human population, and Asia, which accounts for almost 60 percent of humanity

ecumene

The portion of Earth’s surface with permanent human settlement

population clusters

Heavily populated areas that illustrate the unevenness in global population distribution; geographers have identified four population clusters on Earth: South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe

metacities

A city with more than 20 million residents

megacities

A city with more than 10 million residents

developed/industrialized country

A country with an advanced economy and a high standard of living

developing/industrializing countries

A country that is of relatively low income or economically poorer than developed countries

snow belt states

States located in the northern and midwestern parts of the US

sunbelt states

States in coastal areas and the South and Southwest of the US

mean center of population

The balancing point given the distribution of population

population density

The average number of people per unit of land area

arithmetic density

The average number of people per unit of land area (usually per square mile or kilometer)

physiological density

The average number of people per unit area (a square mile or kilometer) of arable land

arable land

Land suitable for cultivation

agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land

carrying capacity

The number of people a particular environment or Earth as a whole can support on a sustainable basis

human well-being

The state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy

population composition

The makeup of the population by age and sex as well as by ethnic, racial, income, and educational background

age structure

Refers to the breakdown of a population into different age groups or cohorts

dependency ratio

The number of dependents in a population that each 100 working-age people (ages 15 to 64 years) must support

generations

Groups of people who were born around the same time and share some common traits due to the cultural and societal influences they shared as they grew up

sex ratio

The ratio of the number of men to number of women in a population

androcentrism

A phenomenon in which a culture demonstrates a marked preference for males

population pyramid

A very useful graphic device for comparing age and sex structure

youth dependency ratio

The number of young dependents in a population (usually people younger than 15 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

elderly dependency ratio

The number of elderly dependents in a population (usually people older than 64 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

baby boomers

People born from 1946 to 1964 during the post–World War II uptick in birth rate

generation x

People born between 1965 and 1980 and who are now in their prime working years

generation y/millennials

People who were born between 1981 and 2000; often referred to as millennials

generation z

People born after the turn of the twenty-first century

infanticide

The practice of killing infants

crude birth rate

The average number of births per 1000 people

low birth rate

A crude birth rate between 10 and 20 births per 1000 people

transitional birth rate

A crude birth rate between 20 and 30 births per 1000 people

high birth rate

A crude birth rate of more than 30 per 1000 people

total fertility rate

The average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15 to 49 years of age

replacement level fertility

The average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time

gender roles

Culturally specific notions of what it means to be a man or woman

crude death rate

The number of deaths per year per 1000 people

infant mortality rate

A measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births

child mortality

Deaths of children under five years of age

rate of natural increase

The difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population

zero population growth

When a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, its rate of natural increase (RNI) is zero

doubling time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size

rule of 70

A tool for calculating the doubling time of a population by dividing 70 by a country’s rate of natural increase (RNI)

demographic transition model

How crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) as well as the resulting rate of natural increase (RNI) change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization

epidemiology

branch of medicine that studies the distribution, determinants, and control of diseases and other health conditions

epidemiological transition theory

Seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease

degenerative diseases

A disease that causes deterioration over time

Malthusian

A term derived from the name Thomas Robert Malthus, an English economist and cleric, who believed that population growth would inevitably exceed available resources

overpopulation

Occurs when the human population exceeds the food supply

Neo-Malthusian

People who today subscribe to the Malthusian view of population and believe humanity is heading to a world of scarcity that can only be rectified through resource conservation

cornucopian/anti-Malthusians

People who disagree with the Malthusian view of population and resources; they believe growth stimulates innovation and food production and humans can find ways to cope

Boserup Effect

Increase in food production resulting from the use of new farming methods

Antinatalist policies

Designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates

Pronatalist policies

Designed to boost fertility rates and ultimately population growth

Women’s Status

The degree of equality between men and women with respect to access to and control over both physical and social resources in the family, community, or society at large

Women’s empowerment

The increased autonomy of women to make choices and shape their lives

Aging population

A population of a country or place that ages as the number or proportion of its elderly people increases

Median age

The age that divides a population into two halves so that one half is younger than this age and the other half older

Life expectancy

The number of years a person can expect to live from birth

Spatial mobility

All forms of geographical movement, including people’s everyday commuting and travels

Social mobility

Mobility that implies a change in social hierarchy

Migration

The long-term or permanent relocation of individuals, families, or entire communities from one place to another

Migrant/mover

A person who migrates or moves

Nonmigrant/stayers

A person who does not move

Origin

A person’s location before migration

Destination

The place where a migrant is going

Emigration

The act of a migrant leaving their place (country) of origin

Immigration

The act of a migrant arriving at their destination country

Migration stream

The flow of all migrants from an origin to a destination

Counterstream

The flow of all migrants in the direction opposite a particular migration stream, from its destination back to the origin

Net migration

The difference between the number of in-migrants and out-migrants

Net migration rate

A gauge of the impact of migration on population change, determined by dividing a country’s net migration by its total population, then multiplying by 1000

Migration age profile

The relatively stable relationship between the odds of migration and age across different countries

Brain drain

A phenomenon where a country or a place loses young, more educated, and skilled people through migration

Brain gain

A phenomenon where a country or a place gains young, more educated, and skilled people through migration

Push-pull theory of migration

Theory asserting that two contrasting sets of factors are at work in migration decisions

Push factors

Factors that cause people to be dissatisfied with their present locales and want to move somewhere else

Pull factors

The attributes of other places that make them appealing to potential migrants

Intervening obstacles

A complication that potential migrants will need to overcome to reach their destination

Social networks

People’s friends and relatives

Intervening opportunity

A nearby attractive locale where migrants may decide to settle instead of going to the intended destination farther away

Voluntary migration

Migration that is done willingly

International migration

When moves are made across national borders

Guest worker

A person with temporary permission to work in another country

Transnational migration

When migrants move back and forth between their home countries and those to which they have migrated

Internal/interregional migration

When people move within the borders of a country

Great Migration

The twentieth-century movement of 6 million African Americans from the rural southern states to the cities of the midwestern and northeastern states

Rural to urban migration

When people move from the countryside to cities

Residential mobility

Moves that occur within a metropolitan area

Step migration

Migration carried out in a series of stages, usually from nearby to bigger and more distant places

Chain migration

The process by which some people’s migration to a new place leads their family members, friends, and others to move to the same placea

Return migration

Migrants going back, or returning, to their previous place of residence or origin

Black Belt

Ethnic homeland in the US South

Seasonal migration

Migration based on time of year

Transhumance

A phenomenon where herders and their livestock move seasonally between their summer and winter pastures

Mobility transition model

Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky’s conclusion that there are regularities in migration as an essential component of a country’s modernization process