practical one a&p II

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 of the pulse pressure. This is the average effective pressure forcing blood through the circulatory system. Normal value is 96-100mm Hg.

Mean Blood Pressure

the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per unit of time

cardiac output (CO)

equation of mean BP (nm Hg)

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

Any factor that increases either the cardiac output or the total peripheral resistance causes

an almost immediate reflex rise in blood pressure.

systolic B.P. indicates

indicates The force of contraction of the heart

diastolic pressure reflects

The condition of the systemic blood vessels.

In either of these indirect methods, pressure is applied to the artery using an instrument called

the sphygmomanometer

Human blood pressure is most commonly measured in the

brachial artery of the upper arm.

In the auscultatory method the pressure cuff is used as in the palpatory method, and a stethoscope is used to listen to the changes in sounds from the

brachial artery.

how do you calculate total peripheral resistance

TPR= mean blood pressure/ cardiac output

if the pulse pressure should be proportional to the stroke volume. Thus, by substitution, we obtain:

TPRest= (systolic pressure+(2x diastolic pressure))/3/ pulse pressure x heart rate

atrial pressure

Distance of right arm from right atrium at point of venous collapse

Calculate the venous pressure in millimeters of mercury

venous pressure= (specific gravity of blood) x (atrial pressure in mm) / (specific gravity of Hg)

receptors in the nose trigger

the trigeminal nerve which tells the body to slow down the heart rate to decrease the body's oxygen requirement when the face is submerged in cold water

where is the aortic area

where is the pulmonary area

where is the tricuspid area

where is the mitral area

the pressure exerted by the blood against the vessel walls, the arterial blood pressure being the most frequently measured pressure and the most useful is called?

blood pressure

the highest pressure in the artery--. Normal for a 20-year-old male is 120mm Hg.

Systolic Blood Pressure

the lowest pressure in the artery-- phase. Normal for a 20-year-old male is 80mm Hg.

Diastolic Blood Pressure

: the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures. Normal value is 40mm Hg.

Pulse Pressure

cardiac output equation

stroke volume x heart rate

a cannula is inserted into the artery, head-on pressure of the blood is measured with a transducer or mercury manometer.

Direct way to measure BP

pressure is applied externally to an artery and the pressure is determined by listening to arterial sounds (using a stethoscope) below the point where the pressure is applied

indirect method to measure BB

what is the method of indirectly measuring BP called

auscultatory method or the palpatory method

one simply palpates or feels the pulse as pressure is applied to the artery

palpatory method

It consists of an inflatable rubber bag (cuff), a rubber bulb for introducing air into the cuff, and a mercury or anaeroid manometer for measuring the pressure in the cuff.

the sphygmomanometer

the pressure when the radial pulse first reappears--this is. , the highest pressure in the ----- artery

systolic blood pressure

four phases of sound changes are called the

Korotkoff sounds

Appearance of a fairly sharp thudding sound which increases in intensity during the next 10mm Hg of pressure drop. The pressure when the sound first appears is the systolic pressure.

Phase 1

The sounds become a softer murmur during the next 10-15 mm Hg drop in pressure.

Phase 2

The sounds become louder again and have a sharper thudding quality during the next 10-15 mm Hg of pressure drop

Phase 3

The sounds suddenly become muffled and reduced in intensity. The pressure at this point is termed the diastolic pressure. This muffled sound continues for another5 mm Hg pressure drop, after which all sound disappears. The point where the sound ceases completely is called the end diastolic pressure. It is sometimes recorded along with the systolic and diastolic pressures in this manner: 120/80/75.

Phase 4-

phase four the sound becomes muffled and reduced this is called the

diastolic pressure

the point where the sound ceases completely is called the

end diastolic pressure

an increase in total peripheral resistance results from

the vasoconstriction of blood vessels

a decrease in total peripheral resistance results from

the vasodilation of blood vessels

what does the cold pressor test test

the effect of a sensory stimulus (cold) on blood pressure

what is the normal response to the cold pressor test

an increase in blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic)

THE COLD PRESSOR TEST steps

1. measure the bp as they sit
2. place subject hand in ice water past the wrist measure every 20sec

slow heart rate

bradycardia

what is bradycardia

a reduction of circulation to all regions of the body except certain vital areas such as heart tissue and the brain

means "to listen to" and study the various sounds arising from the heart during its pumping activity.

Auscultation

The heart sounds may be heard by placing your ear on the chest or by using a

stethoscope

The vibrations producing the sounds can be visually displayed through the use of a heart sound microphone and physiological recorder to produce a

phonocardiogram

produced at the beginning of systole when the atrioventricular (A-V) valves close and the semilunar (S-L) va

1st Heart Sound

occurs during the end of systole and is produced by the closure of the S-L valves, the opening of the A-V valves, and the resulting vibrations in the arteries and ventricles. Due to the higher blood pressures in the arteries the sound produced is higher pitched. It is commonly referred to as the "dub" sound.

2nd Heart Sound

occurs during the rapid filling of the ventricles after the A-V valves open and is probably produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls.

3rd Heart Sound

what are the four auscultatory areas

aortic area, tricuspid area, pulmonary area, mitral area

cardiovascular fitness tests (list them)

The Harvard Step Test, The Tuttle Pulse-Ratio Test

Test that has been well validated and measures a sort of general endurance, it does not measure strength, or muscular endurance, or cardiorespiratory endurance in any special way

The Harvard Step Test

Calculate the Index of Physical Fitness

index= duration of exercise in sec x 100/ 2x (sum of the 3 pulse counts in recovery)

The Tuttle Pulse-Ratio Test

useful in the detection of pathological hearts and heart abnormalities

Number of Steps to Obtain a 2.5 Pulse-Ratio formula

S0= S1+(S2-S1)(2.5-r1)/ r2-r1

The established norms for the Tuttle pulse-ratio test are:

boys, ages 10 to 12 years - 33 stepsboys, ages 13 to 18 years - 30 stepsadult man - 29 steps
adult women - 25 steps.

how to calculate the mean blood pressure

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

name the test that detects abnormal and pathological hearts

the tuttle pluse-ratio test

how does blood serve the cells

it provides a medium for the maintenance of homeostasis in the cells

how does blood function in higher organisms

as a transportation system, bringing nutrients and oxygen to the cells and removing wastes and carbon dioxide from interstitial fluid

how are the various organs of the body linked

the transport system of blood through the action of hormones

non obvious functions of blood

providing buffers for acid-base balance, destroying foreign organisms through phagocytosis and antibody action, providing for the distribution of body heat, and preventing loss of body heat

what is the name for platelets

thrombocytes

how much oxygen and hemoglobin can be carried in 100 ml of blood

15g of Hb, 20 ml of oxygen

often results from an abnormal decrease in the number of erythrocytes, so that insufficient oxygen is carried to the tissues and they become oxygen starved

anemia

the percent volume of whole blood that is occupied by red blood cells

hematocrit

average male and female hematocrit percentages

males 46% females 41%

A disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood

polycythemia

hematocrit levels in severe anemia and polycythemia

anemia: 15%
polycythemia: 70%

how do you calculate the hematocrit percentages

height of red cells (mm) /height of red cells and plasma (mm) x 100

what is the amount of oxygen blood can carry related to

the concentration of hemoglobin

The average concentrations of hemoglobin in males and females

males: 15.4g/ 100ml blood
females: 13.3g/ 100ml blood

how much hemoglobin do you need to have to be considered anemic

less than 10g/100 ml
7.5 g/100ml is when difficulties arise

the reaction of hemoglobin with a reagent solution containing potassium cyanide (KCN), forms

cyanmethemoglobin

how is the concentration of cyanmethemoglobin determined

by comparing the amount of light it can absorb compared tothe amount of light absorbed by known concentrations of hemoglobin on a standard curve

equation for total blood Hb

(blood volume) x (hemoglobin concentration)

total O2 carrying capacity equation

(total g Hb) x (1.34 ml O2/ g Hb)

average blood volume for humans

males: 79 ml blood per kg of body
females: 65 ml blood per kg of body

Protozoan infections, malnutrition, aplastic anemia results in

Neutrophilic leukopenia- abnormally low neutrophil count

Strenuous exercise, rheumatic fever, severe burns, results in

Neutrophilic leukocytosis- abnormally high neutrophil count

Mumps, German measles, whooping cough results in

Lymphocytosis- increased lymphoytye count

Scarlet fever, parasitic infections, allergic reactions results in

Eosinophilia- too many eosinophils

Chronic diseases, such as tuberculosis and leukemia results in

Monocytosis- increased monocytes

Administration of glucocorticoid drugs results in

Lymphocytopenia- decreased lymphocytes

another name for granulocytes

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Neutrophils (percent, diameter, nucleus, looks)

65% of total WBC count
10-12 microns diameter
multi-lobed (three or more) nucleus
small pink cytoplasmic granules, purple nucleus

Eosinophils (percent, diameter, nucleus, looks)

2-4% of total WBC in humans
13 microns diameter
bilobed nucleus
coarse red-orange cytoplasmic granules, blue-purple nucleus

basophils (percent, diameter, nucleus, looks)

0.5% of total WBC in humans14 microns diameterBilobed nucleusBlack nucleus is usually completely obscured bylarge, deep-blue or reddish-purple cytoplasmic granules.

another name of agranulocytes

mononuclear leukocytes

Small Lymphocytes (percent, diameter, nucleus, looks)

20-25% of total WBC in humans7 microns diameter very large, spherical nucleus surrounded by a thin cytoplasm.Light blue cytoplasm (nongranular), dark purple nucleus.

large Lymphocytes (percent, diameter, nucleus, looks)

3% of total WBC in humans
10 microns diameter large oval, indented nucleus Light blue cytoplasm (nongranular), dark purple nucleus

Monocytes (percent, diameter, nucleus, looks)

3-7% of total WBC in humans
15 microns diameter
Large, deeply indented nucleus (horseshoe-shaped)Light blue-gray cytoplasm (nongranular), blue or purple nucleus.

a hole that extends from the right atrium to the left; its function is to redirect blood flow from the right side into the left. The right side is pulmonary left is systemic, the fetus is in amniotic fluid so it is not actively breathing so you don't need all the blood going to the lungs so the blood goes through the foramen ovale and into the left side to be pumped into the body.

foramen ovale

a small duct or tube that connects two of the major blood vessels. blood pumped into the pulmonary artery is pumped straight into the aorta by using ----- bypassing pulmonary circuit of the fetus in utero

ductus arteriosus

carries oxygenated nutrient-rich blood from placenta to the fetus

umbilical vein

carries deoxygenated nutrient-poor blood, laden with metabolic waste, from the fetus back to the placenta where there is an exchange between the placenta and maternal blood

umbilical artery

drains lymph from the entire lower body and left side of upper body back into circulation via the left subclavian vein

thoracic duct

movement of blood from the heart to the lungs is called

pulmonary circulation

movement of blood from the heart to the body tissues is called

systemic circulation

blood w that is either traveling away from the lungs or toward systemic tissues

oxygenated blood