Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Diastolic pressure + 1/3 of the pulse pressure. This is the average effective pressure forcing blood through the circulatory system. Normal value is 96-100mm Hg.
Mean Blood Pressure
the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per unit of time
cardiac output (CO)
equation of mean BP (nm Hg)
cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
Any factor that increases either the cardiac output or the total peripheral resistance causes
an almost immediate reflex rise in blood pressure.
systolic B.P. indicates
indicates The force of contraction of the heart
diastolic pressure reflects
The condition of the systemic blood vessels.
In either of these indirect methods, pressure is applied to the artery using an instrument called
the sphygmomanometer
Human blood pressure is most commonly measured in the
brachial artery of the upper arm.
In the auscultatory method the pressure cuff is used as in the palpatory method, and a stethoscope is used to listen to the changes in sounds from the
brachial artery.
how do you calculate total peripheral resistance
TPR= mean blood pressure/ cardiac output
if the pulse pressure should be proportional to the stroke volume. Thus, by substitution, we obtain:
TPRest= (systolic pressure+(2x diastolic pressure))/3/ pulse pressure x heart rate
atrial pressure
Distance of right arm from right atrium at point of venous collapse
Calculate the venous pressure in millimeters of mercury
venous pressure= (specific gravity of blood) x (atrial pressure in mm) / (specific gravity of Hg)
receptors in the nose trigger
the trigeminal nerve which tells the body to slow down the heart rate to decrease the body's oxygen requirement when the face is submerged in cold water
where is the aortic area
where is the pulmonary area
where is the tricuspid area
where is the mitral area
the pressure exerted by the blood against the vessel walls, the arterial blood pressure being the most frequently measured pressure and the most useful is called?
blood pressure
the highest pressure in the artery--. Normal for a 20-year-old male is 120mm Hg.
Systolic Blood Pressure
the lowest pressure in the artery-- phase. Normal for a 20-year-old male is 80mm Hg.
Diastolic Blood Pressure
: the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures. Normal value is 40mm Hg.
Pulse Pressure
cardiac output equation
stroke volume x heart rate
a cannula is inserted into the artery, head-on pressure of the blood is measured with a transducer or mercury manometer.
Direct way to measure BP
pressure is applied externally to an artery and the pressure is determined by listening to arterial sounds (using a stethoscope) below the point where the pressure is applied
indirect method to measure BB
what is the method of indirectly measuring BP called
auscultatory method or the palpatory method
one simply palpates or feels the pulse as pressure is applied to the artery
palpatory method
It consists of an inflatable rubber bag (cuff), a rubber bulb for introducing air into the cuff, and a mercury or anaeroid manometer for measuring the pressure in the cuff.
the sphygmomanometer
the pressure when the radial pulse first reappears--this is. , the highest pressure in the ----- artery
systolic blood pressure
four phases of sound changes are called the
Korotkoff sounds
Appearance of a fairly sharp thudding sound which increases in intensity during the next 10mm Hg of pressure drop. The pressure when the sound first appears is the systolic pressure.
Phase 1
The sounds become a softer murmur during the next 10-15 mm Hg drop in pressure.
Phase 2
The sounds become louder again and have a sharper thudding quality during the next 10-15 mm Hg of pressure drop
Phase 3
The sounds suddenly become muffled and reduced in intensity. The pressure at this point is termed the diastolic pressure. This muffled sound continues for another5 mm Hg pressure drop, after which all sound disappears. The point where the sound ceases completely is called the end diastolic pressure. It is sometimes recorded along with the systolic and diastolic pressures in this manner: 120/80/75.
Phase 4-
phase four the sound becomes muffled and reduced this is called the
diastolic pressure
the point where the sound ceases completely is called the
end diastolic pressure
an increase in total peripheral resistance results from
the vasoconstriction of blood vessels
a decrease in total peripheral resistance results from
the vasodilation of blood vessels
what does the cold pressor test test
the effect of a sensory stimulus (cold) on blood pressure
what is the normal response to the cold pressor test
an increase in blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic)
THE COLD PRESSOR TEST steps
1. measure the bp as they sit
2. place subject hand in ice water past the wrist measure every 20sec
slow heart rate
bradycardia
what is bradycardia
a reduction of circulation to all regions of the body except certain vital areas such as heart tissue and the brain
means "to listen to" and study the various sounds arising from the heart during its pumping activity.
Auscultation
The heart sounds may be heard by placing your ear on the chest or by using a
stethoscope
The vibrations producing the sounds can be visually displayed through the use of a heart sound microphone and physiological recorder to produce a
phonocardiogram
produced at the beginning of systole when the atrioventricular (A-V) valves close and the semilunar (S-L) va
1st Heart Sound
occurs during the end of systole and is produced by the closure of the S-L valves, the opening of the A-V valves, and the resulting vibrations in the arteries and ventricles. Due to the higher blood pressures in the arteries the sound produced is higher pitched. It is commonly referred to as the "dub" sound.
2nd Heart Sound
occurs during the rapid filling of the ventricles after the A-V valves open and is probably produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls.
3rd Heart Sound
what are the four auscultatory areas
aortic area, tricuspid area, pulmonary area, mitral area
cardiovascular fitness tests (list them)
The Harvard Step Test, The Tuttle Pulse-Ratio Test
Test that has been well validated and measures a sort of general endurance, it does not measure strength, or muscular endurance, or cardiorespiratory endurance in any special way
The Harvard Step Test
Calculate the Index of Physical Fitness
index= duration of exercise in sec x 100/ 2x (sum of the 3 pulse counts in recovery)
The Tuttle Pulse-Ratio Test
useful in the detection of pathological hearts and heart abnormalities
Number of Steps to Obtain a 2.5 Pulse-Ratio formula
S0= S1+(S2-S1)(2.5-r1)/ r2-r1
The established norms for the Tuttle pulse-ratio test are:
boys, ages 10 to 12 years - 33 stepsboys, ages 13 to 18 years - 30 stepsadult man - 29 steps
adult women - 25 steps.
how to calculate the mean blood pressure
diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
name the test that detects abnormal and pathological hearts
the tuttle pluse-ratio test
how does blood serve the cells
it provides a medium for the maintenance of homeostasis in the cells
how does blood function in higher organisms
as a transportation system, bringing nutrients and oxygen to the cells and removing wastes and carbon dioxide from interstitial fluid
how are the various organs of the body linked
the transport system of blood through the action of hormones
non obvious functions of blood
providing buffers for acid-base balance, destroying foreign organisms through phagocytosis and antibody action, providing for the distribution of body heat, and preventing loss of body heat
what is the name for platelets
thrombocytes
how much oxygen and hemoglobin can be carried in 100 ml of blood
15g of Hb, 20 ml of oxygen
often results from an abnormal decrease in the number of erythrocytes, so that insufficient oxygen is carried to the tissues and they become oxygen starved
anemia
the percent volume of whole blood that is occupied by red blood cells
hematocrit
average male and female hematocrit percentages
males 46% females 41%
A disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood
polycythemia
hematocrit levels in severe anemia and polycythemia
anemia: 15%
polycythemia: 70%
how do you calculate the hematocrit percentages
height of red cells (mm) /height of red cells and plasma (mm) x 100
what is the amount of oxygen blood can carry related to
the concentration of hemoglobin
The average concentrations of hemoglobin in males and females
males: 15.4g/ 100ml blood
females: 13.3g/ 100ml blood
how much hemoglobin do you need to have to be considered anemic
less than 10g/100 ml
7.5 g/100ml is when difficulties arise
the reaction of hemoglobin with a reagent solution containing potassium cyanide (KCN), forms
cyanmethemoglobin
how is the concentration of cyanmethemoglobin determined
by comparing the amount of light it can absorb compared tothe amount of light absorbed by known concentrations of hemoglobin on a standard curve
equation for total blood Hb
(blood volume) x (hemoglobin concentration)
total O2 carrying capacity equation
(total g Hb) x (1.34 ml O2/ g Hb)
average blood volume for humans
males: 79 ml blood per kg of body
females: 65 ml blood per kg of body
Protozoan infections, malnutrition, aplastic anemia results in
Neutrophilic leukopenia- abnormally low neutrophil count
Strenuous exercise, rheumatic fever, severe burns, results in
Neutrophilic leukocytosis- abnormally high neutrophil count
Mumps, German measles, whooping cough results in
Lymphocytosis- increased lymphoytye count
Scarlet fever, parasitic infections, allergic reactions results in
Eosinophilia- too many eosinophils
Chronic diseases, such as tuberculosis and leukemia results in
Monocytosis- increased monocytes
Administration of glucocorticoid drugs results in
Lymphocytopenia- decreased lymphocytes
another name for granulocytes
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Neutrophils (percent, diameter, nucleus, looks)
65% of total WBC count
10-12 microns diameter
multi-lobed (three or more) nucleus
small pink cytoplasmic granules, purple nucleus
Eosinophils (percent, diameter, nucleus, looks)
2-4% of total WBC in humans
13 microns diameter
bilobed nucleus
coarse red-orange cytoplasmic granules, blue-purple nucleus
basophils (percent, diameter, nucleus, looks)
0.5% of total WBC in humans14 microns diameterBilobed nucleusBlack nucleus is usually completely obscured bylarge, deep-blue or reddish-purple cytoplasmic granules.
another name of agranulocytes
mononuclear leukocytes
Small Lymphocytes (percent, diameter, nucleus, looks)
20-25% of total WBC in humans7 microns diameter very large, spherical nucleus surrounded by a thin cytoplasm.Light blue cytoplasm (nongranular), dark purple nucleus.
large Lymphocytes (percent, diameter, nucleus, looks)
3% of total WBC in humans
10 microns diameter large oval, indented nucleus Light blue cytoplasm (nongranular), dark purple nucleus
Monocytes (percent, diameter, nucleus, looks)
3-7% of total WBC in humans
15 microns diameter
Large, deeply indented nucleus (horseshoe-shaped)Light blue-gray cytoplasm (nongranular), blue or purple nucleus.
a hole that extends from the right atrium to the left; its function is to redirect blood flow from the right side into the left. The right side is pulmonary left is systemic, the fetus is in amniotic fluid so it is not actively breathing so you don't need all the blood going to the lungs so the blood goes through the foramen ovale and into the left side to be pumped into the body.
foramen ovale
a small duct or tube that connects two of the major blood vessels. blood pumped into the pulmonary artery is pumped straight into the aorta by using ----- bypassing pulmonary circuit of the fetus in utero
ductus arteriosus
carries oxygenated nutrient-rich blood from placenta to the fetus
umbilical vein
carries deoxygenated nutrient-poor blood, laden with metabolic waste, from the fetus back to the placenta where there is an exchange between the placenta and maternal blood
umbilical artery
drains lymph from the entire lower body and left side of upper body back into circulation via the left subclavian vein
thoracic duct
movement of blood from the heart to the lungs is called
pulmonary circulation
movement of blood from the heart to the body tissues is called
systemic circulation
blood w that is either traveling away from the lungs or toward systemic tissues
oxygenated blood