Exam 3

phylum arthropoda info

“jointed foot”, 80% of all animals, 1 million species, insects, arachnids, crustaceans

phylum arthropoda exoskeleton

protection, support, water retention, chitinous, shed for growth

ecdysis

shedding of the exoskeleton for growth

exoseleton layers

epicuticle(outer), procuticle (exo & endocuticle), endocuticle(principal & menbranous layer)

phylum arthropoda segmentation and jointed appendages

tagmata: fusion of segments; head, thorax, abdomen, cephalothorax

phylum arthropoda respiratory system

diffusion across body surface, gills, book lungs, trachae

phylum artropoda advanced nervous system

detect sound, touch, chemicals, simple and compound eyes, ventral nerve cord and brain

subphylum trilobita

extinct, famous fossil group, marine, 3 segments (cephalon, thorax, pygidum), flat

subphylum chelicerata

Spiders, horseshoe crabs, ticks, scorpions; chelicerae ( claws/fangs), pedipalps (push food into mouth), then 4 pairs of legs, cephalothorax & abdomen, no antennae or mandibles

subphylum chelicerata class merostomata

features scorpions and horseshoe crabs, most are extinct, giant water scorpions, predators, have claws

horseshoe crabs

marine, benthic (bottom) predators, living fossils, limulus (atl coast), opisthosoma (abdomen), book gills, telson, mouth, chelicerae and pedipalps

how to tell female from male horseshoe crab

female pedipalps are scissor like, males are shaped like boxing gloves

horseshoe crabs in the Delaware bay

scavengers, congregate along shore line to reproduce, dioecious, females lay up to 30,000 eggs, migrating shorebirds eat eggs, biomedical use of blood, Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate used for detection of bacterial infection

subphylum chelicerata class pychongonida

sea spiders, coastal to deep ocean, small thin bodies, males of many sp have ovigers (legs that carry eggs), long proboscis to suck juices from cnidarians

subphylum chelicerata class arachnida

spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, mostly free living, warm and dry regions, cephalothorax& abdomen, gas exchange by tracheal tubes/book lungs, most are carnivores (fangs, claws, venom glands, stingers)

spiders info

chelicerae with fangs and venom glands, feed on insects, spinnerets with silk glands, book lung, not all spin webs

Black widow spider info

venom is neuro toxin

brown recluse info

venom is hemolytic (destroys tissue)

mites and ticks info

modified mouthparts (capstulum), abdomen fused to protosoma, eat crops, infest livestock/pets, transmit disease, cause allergies

ticks- lyme disease info

borrelia burgdorferi bacteria, deer tick vector, fever, headache, rash, can be treated with antibiotic in early cases

dog tick info

dermacentor species, carry rockymountain spotted fever

lone star tick info

amblyomma americanum, if bitten you become allergic to red meat

sarcoptes mange mite info

some spend entire life cycle attatched to host

human itch mite info

sarcoptes scabei, cause scabies, tunnel into the skin

hair follicle mites info

feed on oils and fluids around the follicle, nonpathogenic, prevalance varies

chiggers info

bite and cause red itchy welts

scorpions info

hide during the day, feed on insects, cephalothorax, preabdomen & postabdomen(ends in stinger), small chelicerae and pedipalps that are modified into claws, venom of most sp not harmful, viviparous (birth live)

subphylum myriapoda class chilopoda

centipedes, one pair of legs persegment (2 legs per seg), head and trunk, flattened, fast, carnovires, poison fang, last pair of legs perform sensory functions, scutigera (common house centipede)

subphylum myriapoda class diplopoda

millipedes, slow, two pairs of legs per segment (4 legs), detritiovores (dead stuff), coil up and secrete toxic fluids from repugnatorail glands for protection

subphylum crustacea

lobsters, crabs, shrimp, cephalothorax and abdomen, 5 pairs of walking legs, biramous appendages, open circ sys with hemolymph

subphylum crustacea: copepods

nauplius eye, lack carapace, small, collective biomass exceeds billions of metric tons in marine and FW habitats

subphylum crustacea: barnacles

enclosed in calcareous shell, sessile as adults, filter feed, thoracic legs are long, jointed cirri with setae

subphylum crustacea: decapods

crabs, lobster, crayfish

subphylum crustacea: decapods; crabs

crabs: first pair of walking legs modified pincers, 2&3 can be chelate as in lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish, bottom feeders, keystone species in the bay

subphylum crustacea: decapods; crayfish

crayfish: 2 pairs antennae, 1 pair mandible, 2 pairs maxillae (food manipulation), 3 pairs maxillipeds (taste& food handling), 5 pairs of walking legs(including chelipeds), swimmerets (swimming, carrying eggs and sperm transfer, uropod (swimming)

subphylum hexapoda

entomology: study of insects, single pair of antennae, 3 pairs of legs, most have compound eye

subphylum hexapoda class insecta

flight: 2 paris of wings, 1 pair of wings and halters (flies), none (secondary loss), trachae for gas exchange, malpighian tubules for excretion, ventral nerve chord, tubular heart

subphylum hexapoda class insecta: grasshopper

dioecious, sexual repro, internal fertilization, females have spermathea for sperm storage, use pheromones, sounds, color signals, courtship behaviors to find one another

molting

physiological process of shedding and making a new cuticle

metamorphosis

transition from one development form to another

no metamorphosis info

ametabolous insects, silverfish, primitive wingless forms only, 1% of insects

incomplete metamrphosis info

hemimetabolous, grasshoppers, mantids, eggs → nymphs → winged adult, molting between each stage (instar) untill becoming a winged adult

complete metamorposis info

holometabolous, 88% of insects, butterflies, beetles, ants, egg → larva → pupa → adult

mouth part modifications info

mandibles (grasshopper), maxillae (butterfly), labial lobes (flies), labium (mosquito)

food preferences info

phytophagous(herbivores), coprophagous(poop), necrophagous(dead stuff), predaceous, parasitic

mutualism of insects and plants

insects exploit flowers for pollen, flowers exploit bees for pollination

benefits of insects

honey, silk, jewelry, pollination, recycling organic material, eating harmful insects

deuterostomes phylum echinoderma info

entirely marine, date back to cambrian, all oceans, all depths

phylum echinoderma pentaradial symmetry

rare among free-moving organisms, ciliated free swimming larvae, cleavage in sea stars (egg → 2 cell → 4 cell → 16 cell → blastula → early granula → middle granula → larva → young)

phylum echinoderma endoskeleton

calcareous plates (ossicles with spines), protection and locomotion

phylum echinoderma water vascular system

unique, locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, Sea star: madreporite → stone canal → ring canal → radial canal → ampullae → tube feet

phylum echinoderma seastar internal anatomy

upper and lower stomach, anus, madreporite, gonad, ossicle, tube foot, spine, coelom, digestive gland, row of ampullae

phylum echinoderma dermal gills

papulae, projections of coleom lining, gas exchange, on bottom

phylum echinoderma pedicellaria

tiny jaws, asteroidea and echinodiea, keep surface clear, protect gills, aid in food capture

phylum echinoderma class asteroidea

sea stars, central disk with 5+ arms, tube feet for locomotion, many are carnivores, cast off injured arms, regenerate lost parts, asterias, acqnthaster planci (crown of thorns, coral predator), destroy bivalve beds

phylum echinoderma class echinoidea

sea urchins and sand dollars, no arms, shell of close fitting plates, covered with spines, some venomous, sand dollars are bilateral, burrow, feed on organic aparticles, sea urchins (diadema) graze on algae, move along on spines, delicacy

phylum echinoderma class holothuroidea

sea cucumbers, elongeated soft flexible bodies, modified tube feet (tentacles in some), filter feed, respiratory tree and gonads, cuverian tubules shoot out anus, long, sticky and toxic, evisceration rupture or pass out anus, dig sys, respiratory tree, and gonads, delicacy

phylum echinoderma class crinoidea

feather stars and sealilies, sessile usually, some free living, important fossils

phylum echinoderma class ophiuroidea

brittle stars, long slender arms, tube feet lack suckers, cryptic and nocturnal

5 characteristics of phylum Chordata

1. flexible, supportive notochord

2. dorsal nerve cord

3. pharyngeal gill slits

4. postanal tail

5. endostyle

chordate body plan

brain, pharynx, heart, dorsal NC, notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, intestine, anus, postanal tail, muscular segments, endostyle

subphylum cephalochordata lancelets info

branchiostoma, small, fishlike, live in shallow seas, no heart, no fins or jaws, feed with head above substrate and mucus secreted by endostyle, dioecious, external fertilization, myomeres (muscle)

subphylum urochordata tunicates info

marine, barrel shaped, tough body wall containing cellulose, suspension feeders, sessile adults, hemaphroditic, larva looks like tadpole, adults loose tail, notochord, and the nerve chord is reduced, barrel shaped

subphylum urochordata seasquirts info

mostly sessile, solitary and colonial, very cute

subphylum urochordata salps info

gelatinous, transparent, some are colonial, some forms are several meters long, alternation of generations (ace and sex repro alternate), solitary phaze oozoid reproduces asexually and forms a chain, blastozooids reproduce sexually

subphylum urochordata larvaceans info

larva like, filter feeders, like a giant fishing net

subphlum vertebrata (cranata) info

1. vertebral column replaces notochord

2. cranium

3. closed circulatory system

4. excretory system (paired kidneys)

5. tripartile brain

6. digestive glands (pancreas and liver)

subphylum vertebrata super class agnatha

jawless fish, no paired fins or true jaws

Ostracoderms: extinct jawless fish, among earliest known vertebrates, bony amour, protection, first fossil record of bone, internal skeleton, benthic

subphylum vertebrata class myxini

hagfish: marine scavengers, separate sexes, external fertilization, gills for respiration, popular in korean market slime used like egg whites, slime used as defense mechanism

subphylum vertebrata class petromyzontida info

lamprey eel, adults are external parasites of fish, ammocoetes (larva) are filter feeders, marine forms are andromous (leave sea to spawn in FW)

origin of jaws

evolved from paired gill arches in pharynx of ostracoderms

subphylum vertebrata class chondrichthyes info

cartilaginous fishes, sharks, rays, have jaws, 2 pairs of fins, no swim bladder, placoid scales, most sharks must swim constantly, oily liver provides buoyancy

fins: heterocercal(shark), diphycercal(lungfish), homocercal(perch)

class chondrichthyes reproduction

1. oviparous: lay eggs (most sharks and skates), nutrients from yolk

2. ovoviviparous: live egg birth (some sharks and rays), nutrients from yolk

3. viviparity: embryo retained in uterus

   a. uterine viviparity: nutrients secreted by mother absorbed by embryo

   b. cannibal viviparity: embryo obtains nutrients from eating their sibblings

   c. placental viviparity: embryos derive nutrients from placenta

sharks predatory life

lateral line system detects low frequency vibrations, ampullae of lorenzini: electroreceptors in the head

whale shark info

up to 46 feet, 15 tons, filter feeders

great white shark info

only surviving species of its genus carcharodon, up to 20 feet and 5000lbs, coasts of australia, south africa, california, florida to massachusetts

megalodon info

extinct, lived 18 to 1.5 mya, apex predator, largest carnivorous fish

skates and rays info

dorsoventrally flattened, many are bottom dwellers, gill openings on underside, spiracles on top, feed on crustaceans, skates are smaller than rays and have a short fleshy spineless tail, rays have a streamlined tail with one or more venomous spines at the base

manta ray info

largest, over 20 ft wide, up to 3000lbs and can live for 20 years

subphylum vertebrata superclass osteichthyes

bony fishes, gave rise to class actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) and class sarcopterygii (lobe finned fishes)

bony fishes info

skeleton of bone, median and paired fins, operculum, swim bladder, dioecious, external fertilization, most are oviparous, eggs drift with currents, some buried, some attach to objects, heart with 2 chambers, single circut

subphylum vertebrata class actinopterygii

ray finned fishes, largest vertebrate group, longnose gar, teleosts are modern fishes, diverse group

sturgeons: naked skin, heterocercal tail, caviar

subphylum vertebrata class sarcopterygii

lobe finned fishes, ancestor to tetrapods, most extinct

lung fishes: breathe with lungs or gills, some walk on land with fins, protopterus lives in streams and ponds that have a dry season, burrows down into the dirt and secretes slime shell that hardens until next rain dissolves it

coelacanths: thought to be extinct, rediscovered in 1938 off the coast of south africa

fishapod: tiktaalik had sharp teeth, croc like head, flattened body

evolution of tetrapod limbs

bones in fins evolved into bones in limbs

tetrapod adaptations for life on land

1. skeletal morphology capable of support without boyuancy of water

2. strong, stout fins for crawling limbs

3. nostrils and lungs augment gills

early tetrapods info

early amphibians were mainly aquatic, moved onto land to find food and escape predators

subphylum vertebrata class ampibia info

salamanders, frogs, caecilians, adults return to water for reproduction, larva are aquatic, adaptations for smell sound and vision, most skin gills and lungs for gas exchange, skin glands for mucous production, ectotherms, 3 chambered heart

class amphibia caecilians info

long legless bodies, many vertebrae, most blind, tropical forests, feed on worms and other inverts

class amphibia salamanders info

tailed amphibians, 2-5 inches, 1-2 pairs of legs (2nd may be lost), no vocal chords, north america is the center of distribution, respiration thru skin, gills and lungs

reproduction: no copulatory organs, males deposit spermatophores which females pick up and fertilize eggs, larva wit limbs and external gills

class amphibia paedomorphosis info

adults retain juvenile features

mudpuppies: live on bottoms of ponds and lakes

axolotl: gilled adults, when water dries up adults metamorphosize to terrestrial form

class amphibia frogs and toads info

loss of tail, elongated hind limbs, well developed external ears and vocal chords, large cranium, short vertebral column, urostyle tailbone, no copulatory organs, males clasp female, external fertilization, coloration includes chromatophores, camoflage, and warning coloration

terrestrial vertebrates info

reptiles, birds, mammals, monopyletic group (amniotes)

amniotic egg: egg, shell, amnion (protects embryo), chorion (encloses entire embryo), allantois (stores wastes), yolk sac(encloses yolk), albumen(provides nutrients)

subphylum vertebrata class reptilia info

dry skin, horny scales, beta keratin in skin adds rigidity, skin helps with protection from desiccation and injury, lungs with many chambers

class reptilia circulatory system info

most have 3 chambered heart, crocodilians have a 4 chambered heart, there is some separation of o2 rich and o2 poor blood

ectotherms definition

body temperature is dependent upon environment

class reptilia reproduction info

reproduce on land, internal fertilization, leathery protective shell

class reptilia turtles. terrapins, and tortoises info

most primitive living reptiles, shell composed of carapace and plastron, most are omnivorous

sea turtles: oviparous, internal fertilization, lay eggs on land and bury them

galgpagos tortoises: over 600lbs, herbivores, can live 150 years

class reptilia lizards and snakes info

lizards: limbs and eyelids usually present, external ear opening usually present, some have fragile tails that can be lost and regenerated, most are predaceous

komodo dragon: heaviest, up to 10ft, smell carrion several miles away, kill large prey, virulent bacteria

snakes: loss of external limbs, boas and pythons retained pelvic girdle, no external ears, no eyelids, eat live prey, dislocatable jaw, use chemical senses, jacobsons organ pit like organ in roof of mouth, some have thermo receptors on face

class reptilia tuataras info

2 living species in new zeland, population decline due to inftroduction of nonnative predators, slow growing with long lives (77yrs)

classs reptilia crocodiles and alligators info

thick dermal bony plates and scales, crocodilians have 4 chambered heart, reproduction is oviparous, eggs are laid in vegitation or buried, mother hears vocalization, incubation temperature determines sex ratio of offspring, low temps = females, higher temps = males, modern crocs are the only surviving reptile lineage to ancestors of dinos and birds