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A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah
Most prolific female Muslim writer and poet before the 20th century.
Abbasid Caliphate
Dynasty of the Muslim empire that followed the Umayyad Caliphate; destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258.
The Analects
The compilation of Confucius' teachings after his death.
Ancestor Veneration
A Confucian practice of praying to one's ancestors.
Artisans
Skilled manual workers in a particular craft who often work by hand.
Ashoka
The third king of the Mauryan Empire who promoted Buddhism.
Bantu Migrations
The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria to most of Africa.
Bhakti Movement
Hindu devotional movement emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals to achieve direct union with the divine.
Brahman
Hindu spirit that connects everything; a priest class.
Caste System
A rigid social system in India giving every Indian a particular place in the social hierarchy from birth.
Champa Rice
An Indian quick-maturing, very resistant rice harvested twice a season.
Chan Buddhism
A Chinese school of Mahāyāna Buddhism popular during the Tang and Song Dynasties.
Chang'an
Ancient Chinese capital of several dynasties; now known as Xi'an.
Civil Service Exam
A system of testing to select the most studious candidates for bureaucratic appointment in China.
Chola Dynasty
A Tamil maritime empire of southern India and one of the longest-ruling dynasties in world history.
Confucianism
System of ethics and statesmanship taught by Confucius, stressing love for humanity and harmony.
Corvee Labor
Forced, unpaid labor that was often intermittent.
Crusades
A series of Christian holy wars conducted against nonbelievers.
Daoism
Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Lao Zi, emphasizing nature over worldly concerns.
Delhi Sultanate
A Muslim kingdom that ruled parts of India from the 13th to 16th centuries.
Dharma
A position and career determined by birth within the caste system.
Diaspora
Movement of citizens sharing the same ethnic descent.
Eightfold Path
One of Buddha's teachings outlining the path to nirvana.
Ethiopia
Christian-led African kingdom known for rock-hewn churches, emerged in the 12th century.
Feudalism
A land system where a king granted land to nobles in exchange for military loyalty.
Filial piety
A Confucian virtue of respect and care for one's parents and elders.
Forbidden City
Walled section of Beijing built in the Ming Dynasty where emperors lived from 1121 to 1911.
Four Noble Truths
Buddha's guiding principles regarding suffering.
Grand Canal
An over 1,000 mile-long waterway that facilitated trade in the Song Dynasty.
Great Wall
Chinese defensive fortification built to protect against northern nomadic invaders.
Great Zimbabwe
A powerful state in Africa that emerged from trade in gold.
Gupta Empire
Empire that later united India following the Mauryan Empire.
Han Dynasty
China's longest running dynasty.
Hausa Kingdoms
A group of small independent city-states in northern central Africa.
Hebrew Bible
Collection of sacred texts concerning the origins and beliefs of the Israelites.
Heian Period
Period when Japan was influenced by Chinese culture, lasted from 794 to 1185 CE.
House of Wisdom
Academic center in Baghdad for research and translation established by Abbasid caliph al-Mamun.
Imperial Bureaucracy
Organization in China where appointed officials carried out the policies of the empire.
Inca Empire
Largest imperial state in the Americas during the 15th and 16th centuries.
Indian Ocean Maritime System
A trade route across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea.
Jati
Classification within the Indian caste system.
Judaism
Oldest known monotheistic religion.
Karma
Effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in the next incarnation.
Kowtow
An act of deep respect shown by kneeling and bowing so low that one's head touches the ground.
Lao Zi
Chinese philosopher who taught retreat into nature.
Legalism
Political philosophy in China emphasizing control due to human nature.
Mahayana Buddhism
Focuses on service and became popular in China and Korea.
Majapahit Kingdom
Buddhist Kingdom from 1293-1520 based on Java controlling trade routes.
Mali
Trading empire in western Africa known for its wealth, flourishing from the 13th to 16th century.
Mamluks
Enslaved soldiers from the Abbasid era.
Mauryan Empire
Unified most of India into a peaceful empire, enhancing trade.
Mayans
Established independent states and city-states in Mesoamerica.
Meritocracy
Exam system that granted Chinese officials their positions.
Mesa Verde
Largest complex of Anasazi cliff-dwellings in the United States Southwest.
Moche
Civilization in Peru known for irrigation networks and urban centers.
Moksha
Goal for Hindus to reunite with Brahman and escape reincarnation.
Monarchies
Governments where supreme power is held by a hereditary monarch.
Monastic Living
Renouncing worldly pursuits to dedicate oneself to spiritual work.
Monsoons
Seasonal winds affecting trade routes in southern Asia.
Mudras
Hand gestures in Indian classical sculpture and dance with specific meanings.
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Persian mathematician and celebrated Islamic scholar.
Nirvana
State of liberation from suffering in Buddhism.
Neo-Confucianism
Revival of Confucian teachings combining aspects of Buddhism and Daoism.
Oligarchy
Form of government in which a small group of elites make decisions.
Olmec
Earliest known Mexican civilizations.
Parthians
Persian dynasty that extended into Mesopotamia.
Pataliputra
Chief political and commercial center of northern India.
Patriarchy
Society in which men hold power in family and governance.
Polygyny
Form of polygamy where a man has multiple wives simultaneously.
Proto-industrialization
Rural production of more goods than can be sold.
Qin Dynasty
Chinese dynasty that established the first centralized government.
Rajput Kingdoms
Hindu kingdoms that arose after the fall of the Gupta Empire.
Reciprocity
People pay tribute to the state in exchange for resources.
Reincarnation
Hindu principle where souls transition to other beings after death.
Sanskrit
Sacred language of the Vedas in India.
Scholar Gentry
Confucian educated social class, most influential in China.
Shinto
Indigenous religion of Japan believing in kami (spirits) in nature.
Shiva
Hindu deity known as the Destroyer in the trinity of gods.
Sinhala Dynasties
Sri Lankan dynasties largely influenced by Buddhism.
Silk Road
Network of trading routes connecting the East and the West.
Song Dynasty
Chinese imperial dynasty ruling from 960 to 1279, known for cultural achievements.
Srivijaya Empire
Indonesian Hindu sea-based empire important for trade.
Sufis
Mystical Muslim group focusing on becoming closer to God through devotion.
Sukhothai Kingdom
Kingdom in north central Thailand from 1238 until 1438.
Swahili
Blended language combining Bantu and Arabic, still spoken today.
Syncretism
Blending of elements from multiple religions into a distinct system.
Tang Dynasty
Chinese imperial dynasty known for peace and prosperity.
Teotihuacan
Major Mesoamerican city center for cultural and religious activities.
Theater State
State that gains prestige through cultural forms and public ceremonies.
Theravada Buddhism
Focus on meditation found in Southeast Asia.
Tibetan Buddhism
Form of Buddhism in Tibet centered on chanting.
Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
Networks transforming West Africa by connecting it to the world.
Universalizing Religion
Religion seeking to convert others, such as Islam.
Urdu
Language developed among Muslims in South Asia, combining Hindi, Arabic, and Farsi.
Varnas
Warriors within the Indian caste system.
Vedas
Oldest collection of Hindu scriptures in ancient Sanskrit.
Vijayanagara Empire
Empire in southern India established to protect regions from Muslim states.
Vishnu
Hindu god known as the preserver of the world.
Woodblock Printing
Technique for printing text and images widely used in East Asia.
Xiongnu
Chinese name for the confederacy of nomadic Turkish-speaking peoples who were nomadic herders in central Asia
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