Spinal Cord Disorders

What is the first stage of spinal cord injury?

Hemorrhage in the central gray matter

What happens to the white matter during spinal cord injury?

Edema develops in the white matter

What are the effects of impaired cord circulation?

Decreased perfusion and increased ischemia

Where does maximum damage occur in spinal cord injury?

At the level of injury and several cord segments above and below

How can edema cause further problems after a spinal cord injury?

Additional compression from edema can lead to temporary loss of function

Why is regular assessment of movement and sensation important after spinal cord injury?

To monitor neurological progress and changes

What is a major concern if spinal injury occurs in the cervical region?

Impaired control of respiration, blood pressure, temperature, and organ function

What is spinal shock?

A condition where all neuro activity ceases at, below, and slightly above the level of injury

What are the signs of spinal shock?

No reflexes, hypotension, bradycardia, flaccid paralysis, and sensory loss

What are the effects of cervical spinal shock on autonomic functions?

Loss of vasomotor tone, BP regulation, diaphoresis, body temperature control, bowel and bladder control

What is autonomic dysreflexia?

A life-threatening condition caused by uncontrolled sympathetic response, usually with injury above T7

What can trigger autonomic dysreflexia?

Pain, bowel or bladder issues

Symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia?

Pounding headache, blurred vision, flushing, diaphoresis, cold extremities, bradycardia

How is autonomic dysreflexia managed?

Remove the trigger, treat BP with medication

what are common complications of spinal cord injury?

Immobility, UTIs, pneumonia, skin breakdown

How are male reproductive functions affected by SCI?

Reflex erections may occur, but high-level injuries can impair sperm production

How are female reproductive functions affected by SCI?

Menstrual cycles return; women can bear children

What is the level of injury for full-time ventilator dependence?

C1–C3 quadriplegics require full-time mechanical ventilation

What is the respiratory status of a patient with a C4 injury?

May be off ventilator intermittently

How is breathing affected by a C5 injury?

Diaphragm is impaired, but the patient may not be fully ventilator-dependent