Rhetoric
the art that humans use to process all the messages we send and recieve
pathos
appeals to emotion, values, desires, hopes
ethos
focus on speaker (ex: qualification)
logos
states the facts, and how there related
rhetorical triangle
speaker, reader, writer
SPACECAT
S: speaker, P: purpose, A: audience, C: context, E: exigence, C: choices, A: appeal, T: tone
why use SPACECAT?
helps readers analyze nonfiction texts
How to analyze text looking specifically at style?
tone, sentence structure, vocabulary
diction
choice of words
syntax
arrangement of words
red hearing
are asked a question, but lead off of it
ad hominen
directed at the character of a person, rather than at the claims
erroneous appeal to authority
get readers to agree with your by impressing them with a famous name
irrelevant emotional appeal
rely on pathos, focus on appealing to reader’s emotion
slippery tone
arguer claims that a sore of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence
false causality
reduce the opposition for only two choices
fallacy of the general rule
like stereotyping, accepts a general rule and apply it to the rest of a group.
false analogy
inaccurate or inconsequential comparisons between objects or concepts
hasty generalization
an inference drawn from insufficient evidence, form stereotypes
begging the question
made on the grounds, that cannot be accepted as true because those grounds are in doubt.
scare tactics
appeal to fear in place of logic
post HOC
assuming one thing caused another simply because it happened prior to the other
rhetorical modes
narration, description, process analysis, exemplification, comparison & contrast, classification & division, definition, cause & effect
process analysis
explains how something works, how to do something, or how something was done
exemplification
providing a series of examples facts, specific cases, turning general idea into a concrete one
TPFASTT
T: title (write prediction),
P: paraphrase (looks up words you don’t know)
F: figurative language ( identify & write effect it has)
A: attitude (write tone)
S: shift (identify it)
T: theme (purpose & abstract idea)
T: title (what does it mean now?)
transcendentalism
an idealistic philosophical and social movement (can promote intuitive, spiritual thinking instead of scientific thinking based on material things)
conditional sentences
expresses wishes
imperative sentences
makes command
rhetorical slanters
labeling, ridicule/sarcasm, rhetorical opinion, innuendo, rhetorical analogy, truth surrogates, downplayers, rhetorical definition
labeling (euphemisms & dysphemism’s)
euphemisms: words chosen in order to not offend an audience
dysphemism’s: words used to offend
rhetorical opinion
stating an opinion like it’s fact
innuendo
implying a meaning without directly saying it
rhetorical analogy
the use of comparative language to create a positive or negative image of the subject
truth surrogate
the implication that there is evidence without actually providing that evidence
downplayers
using qualifier words to build discredibility
rhetorical definition
manipulating a definition to appeal emotionally to the reader and better support your argument.
Allegory
The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.
Alliteration
the repetition of sounds
Anecdote
a quick story about something of interest, usually with a singular theme or lesson.
Antecedent
The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun
Antithesis
A contrast in language to bring out a contrast in ideas.
Colloquialism
informal or conversational choice of language
Trope
a figurative or metaphorical use of a word or expression
Juxtaposition
comparing two things
Periodic Sentence
the main clause is withheld till the end
cumulative sentence
expresses the main idea/thought near the start
Personification
applies human attributes to a non-human entity or inanimate object to express a point or idea in a more colorful, imaginative way
Hyperbole
a figure of speech that uses extreme exaggeration to make a point or show emphasis
Connotation
its suggested or emotional meaning, as compared to its literal meaning.
\n Denotation
the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests.
Euphemism
a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.
Ellipsis
the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues.
Active Voice
doer→ action→ receiver
passive voice
receiver → action]
dramatic irony
when the audience knows more than the character
Prodigious
unnatural or abnormal