Anatomy and Physiology chapters 19 and 20

cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

perfusion

fluid passing through an organ or part of the body

blood vessels

soft pipes of the cardiovascular system that transport blood

arteries

carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body

veins

carry blood back to the heart from the capillaries

capillaries

the smallest vessel in the circulatory system that exchanges oxygen and nutrients for waste

oxygenated

oxygen rich blood

deoxygenated

oxygen poor blood

heart

is a hollow muscular 4 chambered organ at the center of the cardiovascular system with two sets of valves and a 2 pump system that contracts to pump blood throughout the body

atrium

a superior chamber for receiving blood

ventricle

an inferior chamber for pumping blood out of the heart

great vessels

are the large arteries and veins that feed into or out of the heart

list the great vessels

pulmonary trunk, aorta, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, and the pulmonary veins

pulmonary trunk

is the artery that receives deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle

aorta

is the artery that receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle

inferior vena cava and superior vena cava

is the vein that drains deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

pulmonary veins

are the veins that drain oxygenated blood into the left atrium

atrioventricular (AV) valves

valves that allow the passage of blood between quadrants of the heart

right AV valve

is the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

left AV valve

is the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

semilunar valve

is the valve between the a ventricle and the trunk that it is flowing into

pulmonary semilunar valve

is the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

aortic semilunar valve

is the valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

pulmonary circulation

moves deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart through blood vessels to the lungs for the pick up of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide and then back through the vessels to the left side of the heart

systemic circulation

moves oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart through blood vessels to the systematic tissues of the body then back through blood vessels to the right side of the heart

ventricular balance

equal amounts of blood being pumped by the two ventricles through the two circulations

edema

swelling caused by excess fluid in the interstitial space or within cells

mediastinum

the location of the heart which is posterior to the sternum and left of the body's midline and in between the lungs

base

the postero-superior surface of the heart

apex

the inferior conical end of the heart

pericardium

the protective layers of the heart made of serous membranes

coronary sulcus

a deep grove that externally separates the atria from the ventricles that extends around the circumference of the heart

interventricular sulcus

a groove between the ventricles that extends inferiorly from the coronary sulcus toward the apex and delineates the superficial boundary between the right and left ventricles

anterior interventicular sulcus

a groove between the ventricles that extends inferiorly from the coronary sulcus toward the apex and delineates the superficial boundary between the right and left ventricles located on the anterior side of the heart

posterior interventicular sulcus

a groove between the ventricles that extends inferiorly from the coronary sulcus toward the apex and delineates the superficial boundary between the right and left ventricles located on the posterior side of the heart

right auricle

the wrinkled flap like portion of the right atria

left auricle

the wrinkled flap like portion of the left atria

epicardium

is a serous membrane and is the outermost layer of the heart

myocardium

is the thickest layer of the heart and is the middle layer of the heart wall and is the layer that causes the heart to contract

endocardium

is the internal and the external surfaces of the heart valves

interatrial septum

the thin wall that separates the right and left atrial chambers

interventricular septum

the thick wall that separates the right and left ventricles

pectinate muscles

is the muscular ridges on the anterior wall of the right atrium and within the auricle

fossa ovalis

an oval depression in the interatrial septum which during fetal life was the foramen ovale

foramen ovale

during fetal life the blood from the right atrium would bypass the lungs by using the foramen ovale and go directly to the left atrium

trabeculae carneae

is large smooth irregular muscle ridges on the internal wall of the right ventricle

papillary muscles

are the three cone shaped projections extending from the surface of the internal wall of the right ventricle

chordae tendineae

thin strands of collagen fibers that are anchored by the papillary muscles

conduction system

specialized cardiac cells that are found in the heart and don't contract rather they initiate and conduct electrical signals

sinoatrial (SA) node

is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium adjacent to the entramce of the superior vena cava they initiate heartbeat and are commonly called the pacemakers of the heart

atrioventricular (AV) node

is located in the floor of the right atrium between the right AV valve and the opening of the coronary sinus

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

extends from the AV node into and through the interventricular septum and divides into right and left bundles

purkinje fibers

extend from the left and right bundles at the apex of the heart and then continue through the walls of the ventricles

electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

electrical signals that are collected by electrodes connected to the skin and charted on a graph

cardiac cycle

is the inclusive changes within the heart from the initiation of one heart beat to the start of the next

systole

is the contraction of a chamber

diastole

is the relaxation of a chamber

atrial systole

where the atria are contracting and the ventricles are relaxing; it is a brief contraction of the atrial myocardium initiated by the SA node

elastic arteries

are the largest arteries they conduct blood from the heart to the smaller muscular arteries they stretch and recoil with the fluctuations of the blood flow

muscular arteries

are medium arteries they conduct blood to the arterioles these arteries dont stretch like muscular arteries they have more muscle and therefore vasoconstrict and vasodilate

blood pressure

is the force per unit area that the blood exerts against the inside wall of a vessel

blood pressure gradient

is the change in blood pressure from one end of a blood vessel to its other end

systolic pressure

the highest blood pressure in the artery when the artery is maximally stretched

diastolic pressure

the lowest pressure when the artery recoils no further

pulse pressure

is the additional pressure placed on the arteries from when the heart is resting to when the heart is contracting

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

is the average of the blood pressure forces on the artery

venous return

the movement of blood from the capillaries back to the heart via the veins

list the 9 steps of pulmonary circulation

1) deoxygenated blood enters the the right atrium from the vena cava (SVC and IVC) and coronary sinuses (not shown)

2) blood passes through the right AV valve

3) blood enters the right ventricle

4) blood passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve

5) blood enters the pulmonary trunk

6) blood continues through the right and left pulmonary arteries to both lungs

7) blood enters pulmonary capillaries of both lungs for gas exchange

8) oxygenated blood exits the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs and returns to the heart by right and left pulmonary veins

9) blood enters the left atrium of the heart

list the 9 steps of systematic circulation

1) oxygenated blood enters the left atrium

2) blood passes through the left AV valve

3) blood enters the left ventricle

4) blood passes through the aortic semilunar valve

5) blood enters the aorta

6) blood is distributed by the systemic arteries

7) blood enters systemic capillaries for nutrient and gas exchange

8) deoxygenated blood exits systemic capillaries and returns to the heart by systemic veins that ultimately drain into the SVC, IVC, and coronary sinuses

from what structures does the right atrium receive blood

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinuses

from what structure does the right atrium send blood

right ventricle

from what structure does the right ventricle receive blood

right atrium

from what structure does the right ventricle send blood

pulmonary trunk

from what structure does the left atrium receive blood

pulmonary veins

from what structure does the left atrium send blood

left ventricle

from what structure does the left ventricle send blood

aorta

from what structure does the left ventricle receive blood

left atrium

through what valve does the blood in the right atrium flow

right atrioventricular (AV) valve

though what valve does the blood in the right ventricle flow

pulmonary semilunar valve

through what valve does the blood in the left atrium flow

left AV valve

through what valve does the blood in the left ventricle flow

aortic semilunar valve

where is the right AV valve located

between the right atrium and right ventricle

where is the left AV valve located

between the left atrium and the left ventricle

where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located

between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

where is the aortic semilunar valve located

between the left ventricle and the aorta

describe the structure of the right AV valve

three cusps with chordae tendineae attached to free edges of cusps

describe the structure of the left AV valve

two cusps with chordae tendineae attached to free edges of cusps

describe the structure of the pulmonary semilunar valve

three half-moon shaped cusps with no chordae tendineae

describe the structure of the aortic semilunar valve

three half-moon shaped cusps with no chordae tendineae

what is the function of the right AV valve

prevents back flow from the right ventricle into the right atrium

what is the function of the left AV valve

prevents back flow from the left ventricle into the left atrium

what is the function of the pulmonary semilunar valve

prevents back flow from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle

what is the function of the aortic semilunar valve

prevents back flow from the aorta into the left ventricle

what is the difference in a vein and an artery in regards to the thickest tunic

in an artery the thickest tunic is the tunica media

in a vein the thickest tunic is the tunica externa

what is the difference in a vein and an artery in regards to the elastic and collagen fibers in tunics

there are more collagen and fibers in a vein than in an artery

what is the difference in a vein and an artery in regards to valves

arteries have no valves and are present in most veins

what is the best location to find a pulse in the superficial temporal region

anterior to the ear superior to the root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

what is the best location to find a pulse in the facial region

immediately anterior to the angle of the mandible and the masseter muscle

what is the best location to find a pulse in the common carotid region

anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and lateral to the larynx and trachea

what is the best location to find a pulse in the brachial region

along the medial surface of the arm midway between the axilla and antecubital regions