philosophical perspectives in psychology

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8 Terms

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introspection

created by Wundt, it is the process of looking inward and reporting ones own conscious experience.

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structuralism

created by Edward Titchener, an early school of thought that attempted to use introspection as a method to uncover the basic elements of consciousness. and the way they combine with each other to form other ideas. Titchener beleived experimentation was the only appropriate method for the science of psychology.

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functionalism

William James was one of the founders, functionalism is an early school of thought influenced by the Darwinian theory, functionalism looked for certain psychological explenations in terms of their role, or function in helping the individual adapt to their environment.

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psychodynamic perspective

proposes that people’s actions reflect the way thoughts, feelings and wishes are associated in their minds; that many of these processes are unconscious; and that mental processes can conflict with one another, leading to compromises among competing motives.

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humanistic perspective

emphasises the uniqueness of the individual and focuses on the person’s immediate experience. Humanistic theorists assert that people have free will the freedom to make choices so that they can fulfil their potential.

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behaviourist perspective

focuses on learning and studies the way environmental events control behaviour. Behaviourists reject the concept of ‘mind’, viewing mental events as the contents of a black box that cannot be known or studied scientifically.

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cognitive perspective

focuses on the way people perceive, process and retrieve information. Cognitive psychologists are interested in how memory works, how people solve problems and make decisions, and similar questions.

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evolutionary perspective

argues that many human behavioural tendencies evolved because they helped our ancestors to survive and reproduce. Psychological processes have evolved through the natural selection of traits that help organisms adapt to their environment.