intellectual revolutions that define society

Intellectual Revolutions That Define Society

Intellectual Revolutions transformed how society views science, technology, and

human behavior.

Scientific Revolution (17th century)

Period of enlightenment in math, physics,

astronomy, biology, and chemistry.

Scientific Revolution (17th century)

Emphasized reason, logic, critical thinking,

and universal human progress.

Scientific Revolution (17th century)

Sparked by discoveries, explorations, and the

questioning of old beliefs.

Copernican Revolution

Key Idea: Shift from Earth-centered (geocentric) to Sun-centered (heliocentric) universe

Claudius Ptolemy (Geocentric Model)

Earth at the center, widely

accepted until 16th century.

Nicolaus Copernicus (Heliocentric Model)

Wrote Commentariolus (early heliocentric outline, 1508–

1514).

Nicolaus Copernicus (Heliocentric Model)

Proposed Earth has three motions: rotation, revolution,

axis tilt.

Nicolaus Copernicus (Heliocentric Model)

Formalized in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1543)

Nicolaus Copernicus (Heliocentric Model)

Repositioned Earth away from the center of the Solar System

Galileo Galilei

Observations with telescope strongly supported heliocentrism

Copernican Revolution – Impact

Paved way for Kepler’s laws and later astronomy

Darwinian Revolution

Key Idea: Evolution through Natural Selection

Charles Darwin (1809–1882)

English naturalist

Charles Darwin

5-year voyage on HMS Beagle (Galapagos Islands crucial)

Charles Darwin

Observed finches → beak shapes adapted to food sources

Charles Darwin

Published On the Origin of Species (1859)

Main Points of Evolution by Natural Selection

1. All life is interconnected

Main Points of Evolution by Natural Selection

2. Organisms inherit traits, favorable

   one’s aid survival and reproduction.

Main Points of Evolution by Natural Selection

3. Over time, species adapt and diverge.

Alfred Russel Wallace

Independently reached similar conclusions

Alfred Russel Wallace

collaborated with Darwin

Freudian Revolution

Key Idea: Psychoanalysis – explains human behavior through unconscious processes

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)

Founder of psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud

Saw humans as pleasure-seeking beings shaped by unconscious drives

Iceberg Model of Mind

Conscious (aware thoughts), Preconscious,

Unconscious (hidden desires).

Id

unconscious, pleasure-

seeking, impulsive.

Ego

rational decision-

maker; balances id and

reality.

Superego

moral center;

sense of right/wrong, guilt.

Oedipus Complex:

Boys

(3–6 yrs.) desire mother,

rival with father.

Electra Complex (Carl

Jung)

Girls desire father,

rival with mother.

Sigmund Freud

Revolutionized psychiatry, influenced

psychology, though criticized for lack of

scientific basis.