Chapter 1

Human development

is the systematic changes and continuities that occur from conception to
death in an individual's physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains. Its goals came to include not just description but also explanation, prediction, and intervention.

Life-Span Development

this states that human development is a lifelong process which can be studied scientifically. Research considers from “womb to tomb”

Social Construction

A concept or practice that may appear natural and obvious to those who
accept it but that in reality is an invention of a particular culture or society. (may mga behavior tayong natutunan sa society and nakakaaffect ito sa development natin)

Physical development

refers to the biological changes that occur in a person over time. This includes growth in height and weight, the development of the brain and nervous system, improvements in motor skills, and the bodily changes that happen during puberty and aging.

Cognitive development

is the process through which individuals develop their thinking abilities. It includes learning, reasoning, problem-solving, memory, language, and the ability to understand and analyze the world.

Psychosocial development

involves the growth of emotions, personality, and social relationships. It focuses on how individuals understand themselves, manage their feelings, relate to others, develop identity, and adapt to social expectations.

Physical development (prenatal period)

it is the stage where Basic body structures and organs form; brain growth spurt begins. Physical growth is the most rapid in the life span and Vulnerability to environmental influences is great. (visual yung huling nade-develop)

Cognitive development (prenatal period)

in this stage, the abilities to learn and remember and to respond to sensory stimuli are developing

Psychosocial developments (prenatal period)

in this stage, the fetus responds to the mother's voice and develops a preference for it.

Physical development (infancy)

in this stage, the brain grows in complexity and is still highly sensitive to environmental influence. Also not only the physical growth but the motor skills are also rapid.

Cognitive developments (infancy)

the abilities to learn and remember are present. And comprehension and use of language develop rapidly. (if gusto mo maging multilingual anak mo, dito mo sa stage na to simulan turuan)

Psychosocial developments (infancy)

in this stage, self-awareness develops, they shift from dependence toward autonomy. And the interest in other children increases.

Physical development (early childhood)

in this stage, growth is steady, appearance becomes more slender and proportions more adultlike. Their appetite diminishes and sleep problems are common. Handedness appears fine and gross motor skills and strength improve.

Cognitive developments (early childhood)

in this stage, their thinking is somewhat egocentric, they have some cognitive immaturity. Memory and language improve and intelligence becomes more predictable

Psychosocial development (early childhood)

in this stage, self-concept and understanding of emotions become complex, independence, initiative, self control increase, family is still the focus of social life. Gender identity develops by playing with their private parts. (phallic stage)

Physical development (Middle childhood)

growth become slow, their strength and athletic skills improve and respiratory illnesses are common. But, health is generally better than any other time in the life span.

Cognitive development (middle childhood)

egocentrism diminishes because they think logically rather than concretely. Memory and language skills increase.. Some children show special education needs and strengths.

Psychosocial developments (middle childhood)

self concept becomes more complex affecting their self-esteem. Coregulation reflects gradual shift in control from parents to child. Peer assume central importance

Physical development (adolescence)

physical growth and other changes are rapid and profound. Reproductive maturity occurs. And major health risks arise from behavioral issues such as eating disorders and drug abuse.

Cognitive development (adolescence)

ability to think abstractly and use scientific reasoning develops. Immature thinking still persist in some attitude and behavior (spotlight effect).

Psychosocial developments (adolescence)

search for identity, including sexual identity becomes central. Relationships with parents are good. Peer group may have positive or negative influence

Physical development (young adulthood)

physical condition peaks, then declines slightly. Lifestyle choices influence health.

Cognitive developments (young adulthood)

thoughts and moral judgement become more complex. Education and occupation choices are made, sometimes after period of exploration.

Psychosocial developments (young adulthood)

personality traits and styles become relatively stable, but changes in personality may be influenced by life stages and events. Intimate relationship and personal lifestyles are established but may not be lasting. Most people marry and become parents.

Physical development (middle adulthood)

slow deterioration of sensory abilities, health, stamina, and strength may begin. Women experience menopause.

Cognitive developments (middle adulthood)

mental abilities peak; expertise and practical problem-solving skills are high. Creative output may decline but improve quality, for some, career success and earning powers peak; for others, burnout or career change may occur.

Psychosocial developments (middle adulthood)

sense of identity continue to develop. Midlife transition may occur, dual responsibilities of caring for children and parents may cause stress. Launching of children leaves empty nest.

Physical development (late adulthood)

most people are healthy and active although health and physical abilities generally decline. Slowing reaction time affects some aspects of functioning.

Cognitive developments (late adulthood)

most people are mentally altered. Although intelligence and memory may deteriorate in some areas.

Psychosocial developments (late adulthood)

retirement from the workforce may occur. Develop more flexible strategies to cope with personal losses and impending death. Search for meaning in life assumes central importance.