Business 107: Organizational Behavior Ch 16. Leadership Styles in Organizational Behavior

Path-Goal Theory

• A good leader provides clear direction, sets high goals, gets involved in goal achievement and supports his employees

• Employees will accept a leader’s direction if the employee believes that there will be an immediate or future benefit that results from the work

Achievement-Oriented Leadership

Challenging goals are set, high performance is expected and management has a high level of confidence in the employee’s ability to achieve the goals

Path-Goal Theory

• A good leader provides clear direction, sets high goals, gets involved in goal achievement and supports his employees

• Employees will accept a leader’s direction if the employee believes that there will be an immediate or future benefit that results from the work

Achievement-Oriented Leadership

Challenging goals are set, high performance is expected and management has a high level of confidence in the employee’s ability to achieve the goals

Directive Leadership

Giving specific advice or directives, clarifying expectations and assigning tasks to individuals or a group

Participative Leadership

Sharing information between the manager and the group to gather input for goal achievement

Supportive Leadership

Managers foster good relations and show personal concern for the health and well-being of the individual or group

The manager of a retail store sets a sales goal of over 1,000 pairs of sneakers to be sold in a day, more than any shoe store has ever sold. He rallied the sales team to sell sneakers and encouraged each salesperson during the sales event. This manager was using _____.

1. supportive leadership

2. participative leadership

3. directive leadership

4. achievement-oriented leadership

achievement-oriented leadership

A manager that expresses and shows concern for the well-being of weary employees is using _____.

1. transformational leadership

2. directive leadership

3. supportive leadership

4. participative leadership

supportive leadership

When a manager gives specific advice, clarifies expectations, and assigns tasks, he is using which leadership style?

1. Participative leadership.

2. Supportive leadership.

3. Directive leadership.

4. Achievement-oriented leadership.

Directive leadership.

Path-Goal Theory involves _____.

1. creating new processes to give feedback on goal achievement

2. allowing employees to set their own goals

3. setting directives to managers to achieve goals

4. establishing a supportive plan for goal achievement

establishing a supportive plan for goal achievement

Mike is a sales manager who was recently informed of a large account his company will be acquiring this year. He brought this new information up at his monthly meeting so his team could discuss what that might mean for their sales goals this fiscal year. What style of leadership is Mike displaying?

1. Path leadership.

2. Supportive leadership.

3. Achievement-oriented leadership.

4. Participative leadership.

Participative leadership.

Authoritarian & Autocratic leaders

make decisions without input from their subordinates

• highly-disciplined

• quick decisions

• restaurants, manufacturing, military

Democratic & Participate leaders

seek out input from their subordinates

• participative

• subordinate input

• collaborative

• construction & academics

Laissez-faire & Delegative leaders

consider their subordinates to be fully capable of doing their jobs without direction and allow a high degree of autonomy

• delegative

• high degree of autonomy

• strong teams

• advertising, researching and development, social media

servant leader

• makes service to others a priority

• includes constituents in the decision-making process

charismatic leader

• he or she leads through the power of their personality

• can excite constituents and move quickly

transformational leader

• follows a laissez-faire leadership philosophy

• are generally looking to make big changes

situational leader

• a leadership philosophy that changes with the current state

• they are using different leadership styles at the same time, depending on the specific situation

innovative leader

encourages free expression of ideas

continuous improvement leadership

to improve the outcomes in every situation

What leadership philosophy best encompasses the statement 'Friday is Save the Whales Day, and I would like us all to wear orange in support of this great cause.'?

1. Laissez-faire

2. Innovative

3. Authoritarian

4. Democratic

Democratic

Jill leads an ad agency that she staffed with the best and brightest in the field. She spends most of her time doing her own work and doesn't provide much direction to team members. Jill is MOST likely a _____ leader.

1. laissez-faire

2. servant

3. democratic

4. charismatic

laissez-faire

What leadership philosophy best encompasses the statement 'We are all going to wear orange on Friday'?

1. Servant

2. Authoritarian

3. Democratic

4. Laissez-faire

Authoritarian

Which leadership approach should an elected leader utilize?

1. Innovative

2. Situational

3. Charismatic

4. Servant

Servant

Which is the best leadership philosophy?

1. Democratic

2. Laissez-faire

3. It depends on the situation

4. Authoritarian

It depends on the situation

Task-oriented leader

• Main focus is on simply getting the work done.

• Like being in control

• Search out the best methods and resources

• make decisions relating to organizing and assigning work

• Concentrate on their task and nothing else

People-oriented leader

• Concentrate on getting the work done while at the same time pleasing your employees

• Best way to get a job done is through people

• Humanistic approach

• Recognizing and accommodating the needs of their employees

• Teamwork, collaboration, group decision-making, trust, and cohesion

Which type of leader is concerned with making employees happy by supporting, developing, and accommodating them?

1. servant-oriented

2. task-oriented

3. people-oriented

4. relationship-oriented

5. self-oriented

people-oriented

Task-oriented leaders are more likely to take control of a process because they _____.

1. are highly sensitive to employee motivation.

2. want to find the best resources and people to complete the activity.

3. place the needs of their employees ahead of completing the process.

4. focus on group cooperation.

want to find the best resources and people to complete the activity.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a task-oriented leader?

1. collaborating with employees on goal setting

2. staying accountable for assigning work

3. focusing on employee motivation

4. ensuring everyone receives the work they are most comfortable doing

staying accountable for assigning work

How do people-oriented leaders try to focus their employees?

1. By deciding everything themselves to decrease the chance of conflict within the group.

2. By taking complete control over the process to ensure that everything is done correctly.

3. By letting everyone do what they want without any form of management.

4. By focusing on the needs of the employees in the work process.

By focusing on the needs of the employees in the work process.

The degree to which one is either task-oriented or people-oriented is referred to as one's _____.

1. leadership style

2. leadership preference

3. leadership accommodation

4. leadership orientation

leadership orientation

Transactional Leadership

sequence of transactions where the actions of subordinates results in either a reward or punishment

Extrinsic Rewards

Money, paid time off, and other bonus-type incentives

Chain of Command

Subordinates are expected to follow the directions of those who hold higher-level positions in the organization

What is most important to a transactional leader when delivering rewards or punishment to subordinates?

1. Employee tenure

2. Employee benefits

3. Employee relationships with the manager

4. Employee performance

Employee performance

Transactional leadership assumes people are motivated by _____.

1. extrinsic rewards

2. notoriety

3. power

4. intrinsic rewards

extrinsic rewards

Which of the following statements about transactional leaders and the chain of command is FALSE?

1. The leader is given authority based on their position in the chain of command

2. The chain of command is based on formal authority and responsibility in the organization

3. Subordinates are expected to follow directions given by leaders above them in the chain of command

4. Chain of command promotes employee dependence which decreases accountability

Chain of command promotes employee dependence which decreases accountability

After Mario completes his monthly report, his boss reviews it to see if the standards were met. If there are errors, Mario is told he has to work an extra hour each day for the next two weeks. This is an example of which type of management?

1. Passive management by transaction

2. Active management by transaction

3. Active management by exception

4. Passive management by exception

Passive management by exception

Wendy's supervisor constantly monitors her performance closely. He scrutinizes her work for potential problems and quickly jumps in to correct her to prevent additional errors. Which type of management is he exhibiting?

1. Passive management by exception

2. Action management by transaction

3. Reactive management by transaction

4. Active management by exception

Active management by exception

Bureaucratic Leader (Developed by Max Weber)

• Following rules, policies, and procedures meticulously

• Decisions are typically slow-paced

• Ensure adherence to the principles of the organization

• Practicing routine methods for problem-solving

• Formal role in the organization and the authority

Bureaucratic Leadership

• Serious risks

• Effective in organizations where employees perform routine tasks

• Works to maintain the highest level of compliance in these types of organizations

• Can fail in organizations that must adapt to change and take risks on a regular basis

• Can stifle creativity, innovation, and flexibility in organizations, preventing the company from reaching its goals

In which of these situations will bureaucratic leadership fail?

1. When an organization leads its competitors in sales.

2. When an organization needs to promote change and take risks on a regular basis.

3. When there is a diverse workforce.

4. When an organization is stable.

5. When an organization is team-based.

When an organization needs to promote change and take risks on a regular basis.

Which of the following scenarios depicts a bureaucratic leader?

1. Caroline is a 5th grade teacher. Every day her classroom is a little different, so she adapts her leadership style accordingly.

2. Aiden is head of security for a large software company. He is meticulous and carefully handles all security incidents according to the company's policies, rules and procedures.

3. John is a manager at a restaurant. He relies on his own knowledge of restaurant operations in order to make all decisions on his own.

4. Sharon runs a dairy farm. The farm has been in her family for generations, and most of the farm hands are family members. Sharon rarely intervenes in the day-to-day operations of the farm unless she is asked to do so.

Aiden is head of security for a large software company. He is meticulous and carefully handles all security incidents according to the company's policies, rules and procedures.

In which of these situations would a bureaucratic leadership style be most effective?

1. Benjamin runs a small doughnut shop where sales and profits have been stable.

2. Samantha supervises an auto service shop. It is her responsibility to ensure the cars her team services are repaired properly and are safe to drive.

3. Renee is a manager at an office supply store. Her team is responsible for stocking the store shelves and assisting customers.

4. Roman runs an art gallery where every piece of art is unique, so he relies on his team to come up with innovative ways to display the pieces.

Samantha supervises an auto service shop. It is her responsibility to ensure the cars her team services are repaired properly and are safe to drive.

Bureaucratic leadership follows a _____ management philosophy.

1. by the seat of their pants

2. whatever it takes

3. just-in-time

4. it depends

5. by the book

by the book

Which of the following statements about bureaucratic leadership is TRUE?

1. Bureaucratic leaders can stifle creativity.

2. Bureaucratic leadership does not work for organizations that take risks on a regular basis.

3. Bureaucratic leadership should not be used when employees perform routine tasks.

4. Bureaucratic leadership always helps an organization adapt to change.

Bureaucratic leaders can stifle creativity.