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Steps of Glycolysis
Glycolysis consists of three phases: Priming phase, Cleavage phase, and Energy payoff phase.
Priming phase of Glycolysis
Involves the phosphorylation of glucose to become more reactive, using 2 ATP.
Cleavage phase of Glycolysis
Glucose splits into two 3-carbon molecules, each being converted to a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
Energy payoff phase of Glycolysis
ATP and NADH are produced from the oxidation of G3P.
Pyruvate Oxidation
Converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, producing CO2 and NADH before entering the Citric Acid Cycle.
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Steps
Includes condensation, isomerization, oxidation, decarboxylation, and substrate-level phosphorylation steps.
Final Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Process
Electrons are transferred through protein complexes, creating a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.
Chemiosmosis process
Protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase to generate ATP.
ATP Yield from Glycolysis
Net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH from one glucose molecule during glycolysis.
Role of NADH in Cellular Respiration
NADH carries electrons to the electron transport chain to facilitate ATP production.
Oxygen in Electron Transport Chain
Acts as the final electron acceptor, forming water and preventing the backup of the electron chain.
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
The direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP
Photosynthesis
The process by which plants, algae, and certain bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose) using carbon dioxide and water.
Chloroplast
The organelle where photosynthesis occurs, containing thylakoid membranes and stroma.
Light-dependent reactions
Reactions that require light, occurring in the thylakoid membranes, producing ATP and NADPH.
Calvin Cycle
The light-independent reactions that synthesize organic molecules from CO2 using ATP and NADPH.
Chlorophyll
The main pigment in plants that absorbs blue and red light, necessary for photosynthesis.
Thylakoid membrane
Internal membranes in chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll and are the site of light-dependent reactions.
Grana
Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions occur.
Stroma
The semi-liquid matrix surrounding thylakoids in chloroplasts, where the Calvin cycle takes place.
Cyclic photophosphorylation
A process in photosynthesis that generates additional ATP without producing NADPH.
Noncyclic photophosphorylation
A process that produces both ATP and NADPH during light-dependent reactions.
Carbon fixation
The initial phase of the Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed into a 3-carbon compound.